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Warfare In Pre-colonial Philippines
Interstate warfare was practiced in the Philippines prior to Spanish colonization. Background In the pre-colonial era, the Filipinos had their own forces, divided between the islands, each one with its own ruler. These forces were called ''Sandigs'' ("Guards"), ''Kawal'' ("Knights"), and ''Tanods''. As well as military operations, the forces provided policing and coastal watching functions. Tactics and strategies The tactics and strategies prevalent during the Philippines' early historic period were shaped by the archipelagic nature of the islands. Raiding and coastal defense Participating in land and sea raids were an essential part of the duties of the ''timawa'' and ''maharlika''. These raids, locally known as ''pangangayaw'', are usually regular annual expeditions undertaken by the community (similar to the Vikings) against enemies and enemies of their allies. Participation and conduct in raids and other battles were recorded permanently by the ''timawa'' and the ''tumao'' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
History Of The Philippines (900–1521)
The history of the Philippines dates from the earliest hominin activity in the archipelago at least by 709,000 years ago. '' Homo luzonensis'', a species of archaic humans, was present on the island of Luzon at least by 134,000 years ago. The earliest known anatomically modern human was from Tabon Caves in Palawan dating about 47,000 years. Negrito groups were the first inhabitants to settle in the prehistoric Philippines. These were followed by Austroasiatics, Papuans, and South Asians. By around 3000 BCE, seafaring Austronesians, who form the majority of the current population, migrated southward from Taiwan. By 2000 BCE the archipelago was the crux of a trans-oceanic Philippine jade culture. Scholars generally believe that these ethnic and social groups eventually developed into various settlements or polities with varying degrees of economic specialization, social stratification, and political organization. Some of these settlements (mostly those located on major ri ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jolo, Sulu
Jolo, officially the Municipality of Jolo (; ; ), is a municipality and capital of the province of Sulu, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 137,266 people. Etymology According to Dr. Najeeb M. Saleeby (1908) and in old maps such as the Velarde map, ''"Joló"'' was the historical Spanish spelling of the word ''"Sulu"'' that now refers to the province and the whole Sulu Archipelago, which the early Spaniards historically spelt as ''"Xoló"'', with the initial letter most likely formerly pronounced with the Early Modern Spanish sound, with the Spanish pronunciation of Sulu, but later evolved into the Modern Spanish , leading to its modern pronunciation . In many dialects, the initial sound is glottal, yielding . The Spanish version ''Joló'' is still used to pertain Sulu (both province, archipelago, and ancient sultanate) in Spanish writings. Meanwhile, the word ''"Sulu"'' itself comes from , an older form of . History Pre-Colonial period In th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Viking
Vikings were seafaring people originally from Scandinavia (present-day Denmark, Norway, and Sweden), who from the late 8th to the late 11th centuries raided, pirated, traded, and settled throughout parts of Europe.Roesdahl, pp. 9–22. They also voyaged as far as the Mediterranean Sea, Mediterranean, North Africa, the Middle East, Greenland, and Vinland (present-day Newfoundland in Canada, North America). In their countries of origin, and some of the countries they raided and settled in, this period is popularly known as the Viking Age, and the term "Viking" also commonly includes the inhabitants of the Scandinavian homelands as a whole. The Vikings had a profound impact on the Early Middle Ages, early medieval history of Northern Europe, northern and Eastern Europe, including the political and social development of England (and the English language) and parts of France, and established the embryo of Russia in Kievan Rus'. Expert sailors and navigators of their cha ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Filipinos
Filipinos () are citizens or people identified with the country of the Philippines. Filipinos come from various Austronesian peoples, all typically speaking Filipino language, Filipino, Philippine English, English, or other Philippine languages. Despite formerly being subject to Spanish Philippines, Spanish administration, less than 1% of Filipinos are fluent in Spanish language, Spanish. Currently, there are more than 185 Ethnic groups in the Philippines, ethnolinguistic groups in the Philippines each with its own Languages of the Philippines, language, identity, culture, tradition, and history. Names The name ''Filipino'', as a demonym, was derived from the term , the name given to the archipelago in 1543 by the Spaniards, Spanish explorer and Order of Preachers, Dominican priest Ruy López de Villalobos, in honor of Philip II of Spain. During the History of the Philippines (1521–1898), Spanish period, natives of the Philippine islands were usually known in the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alipin
The ''alipin'' refers to the lowest social class among the various cultures of the Philippines before the arrival of the Spanish in the 16th and 17th centuries. In the Visayan languages, the equivalent social classes were known as the ''oripun'', ''uripon'', or ''ulipon''. Overview The most common translation of the word is "servant" or "slave", as opposed to the higher classes of the ''timawa''/'' maharlika'' and the ''tumao''/''maginoo''. This translation, however, is inaccurate. The concept of the ''alipin'' relied on a complex system of obligation and repayment through labor in ancient Philippine society, rather than on the actual purchase of a person as in Western and Islamic slavery. Indeed, members of the ''alipin'' class who owned their own houses were more accurately equivalent to medieval European serfs and commoners. Etymology ''Alipin'' comes from the transitive form of the archaic Visayan root word ''udip'' ("to live"). It derived from the word meaning "to let li ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gold
Gold is a chemical element; it has chemical symbol Au (from Latin ) and atomic number 79. In its pure form, it is a brightness, bright, slightly orange-yellow, dense, soft, malleable, and ductile metal. Chemically, gold is a transition metal, a group 11 element, and one of the noble metals. It is one of the least reactivity (chemistry), reactive chemical elements, being the second-lowest in the reactivity series. It is solid under standard temperature and pressure, standard conditions. Gold often occurs in free elemental (native state (metallurgy), native state), as gold nugget, nuggets or grains, in rock (geology), rocks, vein (geology), veins, and alluvial deposits. It occurs in a solid solution series with the native element silver (as in electrum), naturally alloyed with other metals like copper and palladium, and mineral inclusions such as within pyrite. Less commonly, it occurs in minerals as gold compounds, often with tellurium (gold tellurides). Gold is resistant to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pintados
Visayans ( Cebuano: ''mga Bisayà'' ) are a Philippine ethnolinguistic family group or metaethnicity native to the Visayas, to the southernmost islands south of Luzon, and to a significant portion of Mindanao. They are composed of numerous distinct ethnic groups. When taken as a single group, they number around 33.5 million. The Visayans, like the Luzon Lowlanders (Tagalogs, Bicolanos, Ilocanos, etc.) were originally predominantly animist-polytheists and broadly share a maritime culture until the 16th century when the Spanish Empire enforced Catholicism as the state religion. In more inland or otherwise secluded areas, ancient animistic-polytheistic beliefs and traditions either were reinterpreted within a Roman Catholic framework or syncretized with the new religion. Visayans are generally speakers of one or more of the distinct Bisayan languages, the most widely spoken being Cebuano, followed by Hiligaynon (Ilonggo) and Waray-Waray. Terminology "Visayan" is the angl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Brunei Civil War
The Bruneian Civil War ( and in ) was a civil war in the Bruneian Sultanate from 1660 to 1673 between Abdul Hakkul Mubin and Muhyiddin. During Sultan Muhammad Ali's reign, a dispute led to the killing of Pengiran Muda Alam by Pengiran Muda Bongsu. In retaliation, Abdul Hakkul Mubin killed Muhammad Ali and declared himself the fourteenth sultan. A civil war ensued, with Abdul Hakkul Mubin fleeing to Kinarut. Sultan Muhyiddin sought help from the Sultan of Sulu, promising the area of Kimanis as a reward. The dispute over eastern Sabah remains a legacy of this civil war. Causes During the reign of the thirteenth Sultan Muhammad Ali, there was a disagreement between the son of the Sultan, ''Pengiran Muda'' ("prince") Bongsu and ''Pengiran Muda'' Alam, the son of ''Pengiran'' Abdul Mubin over the results of a cockfight which ''Pengiran Muda'' Bungsu lost. His defeat was jeered by ''Pengiran Muda'' Alam. In his rage, Bongsu killed ''Pengiran Muda'' Alam and escaped from the sc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Battle Of Bangkusay Channel
The Battle of Bangkusay (; ), on June 3, 1571, was a naval engagement that marked the last resistance by locals to the Spanish Empire's occupation and colonization of the Pasig River delta, which had been the site of the indigenous polities of the Rajahnate of Maynila and Tondo. Tarik Sulayman, the chief of Macabebes, refused to ally with the Spanish and decided to mount an attack at Bangkusay Channel on Spanish forces, led by Miguel López de Legazpi. Sulayman's forces were defeated, and Sulayman himself was killed. The Spanish victory in Bangkusay and Legazpi's alliance with Lakandula of Tondo, enabled the Spaniards to establish themselves throughout the city and its neighboring towns. Background Miguel López de Legazpi was searching for a suitable place to establish the Spanish colonial capital after being forced to leave first Cebu and then Iloilo by Portuguese pirates. In 1570, Martin de Goiti and Captain Juan de Salcedo, with food stocks diminishing, discovered a ri ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Battle Of Manila (1570)
The 1570 Battle of Manila (; ) was fought in Manila between the local forces led by Rajah Sulayman and the Spaniards led by Field Marshal Martin de Goiti, on 24 May 1570. Goiti's forces eventually besieged the fort of Manila, destroyed Manila, and won the battle, with the site of the fort falling to the Kingdom of the Spains and the Indies. The Spaniards then founded a Spanish city of Manila making it the capital of the Spanish East Indies. Events By the late 1560s, Miguel López de Legazpi who had left Mexico with a retinue of Spanish and Mexican soldiers, was already searching for a more suitable place to establish the Spanish colonial capital, having found first Cebu and then Iloilo undesirable because of insufficient food supplies and attacks by Portuguese pirates. He was in Cebu when he first heard about a well-supplied, fortified settlement to the north, and sent messages of friendship to its ruler, Rajah Matanda, whom he addressed as "King of Luzon." In 1570, Le ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Battle Of Mactan
The Battle of Mactan (; ) was fought on a beach in Mactan Island (now part of Cebu, Philippines) between Spanish forces led by the Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan along with local allies, and Lapulapu, the chieftain of the island, on the early morning hours of April 27, 1521. Magellan, a Portuguese Empire, Portuguese-born commander serving the Spanish Empire who led an Magellan expedition, expedition that ultimately circumnavigated the world for the first time, commanded a small Spanish contingent in an effort to subdue Mactan under the Spanish crown. The sheer number of Lapulapu's forces, compounded with issues associated with the location and the armor, ultimately resulted in a disastrous defeat for the Europeans and the death of Magellan. Surviving members of Magellan's crew continued the expedition under the command of Juan Sebastian de Elcano, who completed the journey in September 1522. The battle's exact details are lost to history, with Antonio Pigafetta's accoun ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
