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War In Ningxia (1934)
The war in Ningxia of 1934, also known as Sun Dianying Campaign, was a minor civil war for control over the Republic of China's province of Ningxia, fought between the warlord Sun Dianying and an alliance against him, consisting of the Ma clique, Governor Yan Xishan of Shanxi, and the Nationalist government of China. The conflict erupted as the unintended consequence of a plan by China's supreme leader, Chiang Kai-shek, to weaken the Ma clique, and resulted in the destruction of Sun Dianying's private army. Background In the early 1930s, the Republic of China was politically unstable and divided, with the Nationalist government of Nanjing only in control of parts of the country. Most of China remained in the hands of warlords who had risen to power in the previous decades of internal conflict. Despite having nominally accepted the central government's authority, these warlords used private armies to rule their fiefdoms with impunity and often acted against the orders of C ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
National Revolutionary Army
The National Revolutionary Army (NRA; zh, labels=no, t=國民革命軍) served as the military arm of the Kuomintang, Chinese Nationalist Party (Kuomintang, or KMT) from 1924 until 1947. From 1928, it functioned as the regular army, de facto national armed forces of the Nationalist government, Republic of China during the period of Nationalist rule. Following the promulgation of the Constitution of the Republic of China, 1947 Constitution — which established civilian control of the military, civilian control over the military on a de jure basis — it was formally reorganised as the Republic of China Armed Forces. Initially formed from Constitutional Protection Junta, pro-nationalist faction troops after 1917, with assistance from the Soviet Union, the NRA was created as an instrument for the Nationalist government to unify China during the Warlord Era. It went on to fight major military conflicts, including the Northern Expedition against the Beiyang warlords, the encirclem ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chahar People's Anti-Japanese Army
The Chahar People's Counter-Japanese Army () consisted mostly of former Northwestern Army units under Feng Yuxiang, troops from Fang Zhenwu's Resisting Japan and Saving China Army, remnants of the provincial forces from Rehe, Counter-Japanese volunteers from Manchuria and local forces from Chahar and Suiyuan. Even the Japanese puppet Liu Guitang switched sides, joining the Chahar People's Counter-Japanese Army, as did the Suiyuan bandit leader Wang Ying. Actions in Inner Mongolia (1933-36)#Counter-Japanese Allied Army 1933 See also * Actions in Inner Mongolia (1933–1936) * Order of battle Counter-Japanese Allied Army campaign of 1933 References Sources International Military Tribunal for the Far East, Chapter 5: Japanese Aggression Against China* 中国抗日战争正面战场作战记 (China's Counter-Japanese War Combat Operations) ** Guo Rugui, editor-in-chief Huang Yuzhang ** Jiangsu People's Publishing House ** Date published : 2005-7-1 ** ** Online in Chines ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Guominjun
The Guominjun (), also known as the Kuominchun, abbreviated as GMJ and KMC, was a military faction founded by Feng Yuxiang, Hu Jingyi and Sun Yue during China's Warlord Era. The KMC had control of much of Northwest China, including Shaanxi, Chahar and Suiyuan, hence its other name, the Northwest Army (西北軍; not to be confused with the later army of the same name under Yang Hucheng). History The Guominjun was formed when Feng betrayed the Zhili clique during the Second Zhili–Fengtian War with the Fengtian clique in 1924. The Guominjun occupied Beijing, captured Zhili leader Cao Kun and expelled former Qing dynasty emperor Puyi from the Forbidden City. In late 1925, Fengtian general Guo Songling defected to the KMC; this sparked the Anti-Fengtian War against Zhang Zuolin. The Guominjun was incorporated into the Kuomintang's National Revolutionary Army as the "Second Collective Army" in 1928 during the Northern Expedition, and fought alongside the KM ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Feng Yuxiang
Feng Yuxiang (; ; 6 November 1882 – 1 September 1948), courtesy name Huanzhang (焕章), was a Chinese warlord and later general in the National Revolutionary Army. He served as Vice Premier of the Republic of China from 1928 to 1930. At the start of the 1911 Revolution, Feng was an officer in the ranks of Yuan Shikai's Beiyang Army. He initially joined forces with the revolutionaries, but came to support Yuan's regime. In 1914, he converted to Christianity, earning him the nickname the "Christian General". He became a warlord in Northwest China, based in Shaanxi, and rose to a high rank within the Zhili clique, a powerful warlord faction. In 1924, during the Second Zhili-Fengtian war, Feng launched the Beijing Coup, which knocked the Zhili out of power, and re-organised his troops as the Guominjun. He brought Sun Yat-sen to Beijing for negotiations on re-unification, but this was not realized. In 1926, Feng was defeated by the Zhili and Fengtian cliques in the An ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Northwest China
Northwestern China () is a region in the People's Republic of China. It consists of five provincial administrative regions, namely Shaanxi, Gansu, Qinghai, Ningxia, and Xinjiang. The region is characterized by a (semi-)arid continental climate. It has a diverse population including significant minorities such as Hui, Uyghurs and Tibetans. Culturally, the region has historically been influenced by the Silk Road. Historic security considerations Chinese dynasties from the Qin (221 BC to 207 BC) to the Qing period (1644 CE to 1911 CE) placed high priority on maintaining stability and security in the region, motivated by concerns about potential threats from the Northwest. Security concerns have continued under modern governments. During the Republic of China period, the government was only able to exercise loose control in the Northwest. In 1933, Pan-Islamic and Pan-Turkic separatists declared an Islamic Republic of East Turkestan based on constitutionally-enshrined Shari ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Strongman (politics)
In Political science, politics, a strongman is a type of authoritarian Politician, political leader—civilian or military—who exerts control through military enforcement and has, or has claimed to have, strong popular support. Strongmen typically claim to have widespread popular support, portray themselves as the only one capable of solving the country's problems, and espouse a disdain for liberalism and democracy. Functions A strongman can be either a civilian or a military leader and can exist in both Democracy, democracies and Autocracy, autocracies. Military dictatorships ruled by military strongmen differ from military juntas as the strongman rules alone and does not have to negotiate with other military officers to rule. Political scientists Brian Lai and Dan Slater identified strongmen as ruling in an autocratic way which exercises power through the military; typically, strongmen do not share power collectively and do not rely on a political party to exert power. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Warlord Era
The Warlord Era was the period in the history of the Republic of China between 1916 and 1928, when control of the country was divided between rival Warlord, military cliques of the Beiyang Army and other regional factions. It began after the death of Yuan Shikai, the President of the Republic of China, President of China after the Xinhai Revolution had overthrown the Qing dynasty and established the Republic of China (1912–1949), Republic of China in 1912. Yuan's death on 6 June 1916 created a power vacuum which was filled by Warlord, military strongmen and widespread violence, chaos, and oppression. The Nationalist Kuomintang (KMT) government of Sun Yat-sen, based in Guangzhou, began to contest Yuan's Beiyang government based in Beijing for recognition as the legitimate government of China. The most powerful cliques were the Zhili clique led by Feng Guozhang, who controlled several northern provinces; the Anhui clique led by Duan Qirui, based in several southeastern provinces ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nanjing
Nanjing or Nanking is the capital of Jiangsu, a province in East China. The city, which is located in the southwestern corner of the province, has 11 districts, an administrative area of , and a population of 9,423,400. Situated in the Yangtze River Delta, Nanjing has a prominent place in Chinese history and Chinese culture, culture, having served as the historical capitals of China, capital of various Dynasties in Chinese history, Chinese dynasties, kingdoms and republican governments dating from the 3rd century to 1949, and has thus long been a major center of culture, education, research, politics, economy, transport networks and tourism, being the home to Port of Nanjing, one of the world's largest inland ports. The city is also one of the fifteen sub-provincial city, sub-provincial cities in the People's Republic of China's Administrative divisions of the People's Republic of China, administrative structure, enjoying jurisdictional and economic autonomy only slightly les ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chine 1929-1930
A chine () is a steep-sided coastal gorge where a river flows to the sea through, typically, soft eroding cliffs of sandstone or clays. The word is still in use in central Southern England—notably in East Devon, Dorset, Hampshire and the Isle of Wight—to describe such topographical features. The term 'bunny' is sometimes used to describe a chine in Hampshire. The term chine is also used in some Vancouver suburbs in Canada to describe similar features. Formation and features Chines appear at the outlet of small river valleys when a particular combination of geology, stream volume, and coastal recession rate creates a knickpoint, usually starting at a waterfall at the cliff edge, that initiates rapid erosion and deepening of the stream bed into a gully leading down to the sea. All chines are in a state of constant change due to erosion. The Blackgang Chine on the Isle of Wight, for example, has been destroyed by landslides and coastal erosion during the 20th century. As the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Supreme Leader
A supreme leader or supreme ruler typically refers to powerful figures with an unchallenged authority, such as autocrats, dictators to spiritual and revolutionary leaders. Historic examples are Adolf Hitler () of Nazi Germany, Francisco Franco () of Francoist Spain, Benito Mussolini () of Fascist Italy and Joseph Stalin, the leader of the Soviet Union. List of titles Listed by date of establishment. Interwar period * Alexander Kolchak, White leader in the Russian Civil War as " Supreme Ruler of Russia". * Benito Mussolini, dictator of Italy from 1922 to 1943 and of Italian Social Republic from 1943 to 1945, was known as ''Duce'' ("leader"). * Antanas Smetona, the authoritarian president of Lithuania (1926–1940), adopted the title of ''Tautos Vadas'' ("Leader of the Nation"). * Hirohito, emperor of Imperial Japan under the Meiji Constitution from 1926 to 1947, sometimes known as ("August Gate"). * Chiang Kai-shek, ''de facto'' leader of the Kuomintang Republic of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
