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Vyborg Massacre
The Viipuri massacre was the killing of approximately 360 to 420 Russians in the city of Viipuri (now Vyborg, Russia) during the Finnish Civil War in April–May 1918. The massacre took place during and after the Battle of Viipuri as the White Guards captured the city from the Red Guards. At least half of the victims were Russian soldiers and military personnel. The slain were mainly men and young boys: nine out of ten were men fit for military service. Westerlund (2004), p. 162 The White Guards were "cleansing" the city of Red Guards of whom 800 were slain; however, only a small minority of the killed Russians were affiliated with the Finnish labour movement. Westerlund (2004), p. 104 Background Viipuri was both the second largest city in Finland with 49,000 inhabitants and one of the most diverse. In 1910, Viipuri had minorities of Swedes (5,000) and Russians (3,200–4,000), as well as smaller ethnic groups of Germans, Jews and Islamic Tatars. During the Finnish Civil War ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Finnish Civil War
The Finnish Civil War was a civil war in Finland in 1918 fought for the leadership and control of the country between Whites (Finland), White Finland and the Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic (Red Finland) during the country's transition from a Grand Duchy of Finland, grand duchy ruled by the Russian Empire to a fully independent state. The clashes took place in the context of Aftermath of World War I, the national, political, and social turmoil caused by World War I (Eastern Front (World War I), Eastern Front) in Europe. The war was fought between the Red Guards (Finland), Red Guards, led by a section of the Social Democratic Party of Finland, Social Democratic Party with backup of the Russian bolsheviks and the White Guard (Finland), White Guards of the Senate of Finland, senate and those who opposed socialism, with major assistance by the German Army (German Empire), German Imperial Army, along the German goal to control Fennoscandia. The paramilitary Red Guards, which wer ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Red Finland
The Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic (FSWR), more commonly referred to as Red Finland, was a self-proclaimed socialist state in Finland during the Finnish Civil War from January to May 1918. The FSWR was established by the Finnish People's Delegation, a government formed by members of the Social Democratic Party of Finland, Social Democratic Party to rival the existing Government of Finland, with support of the Red Guards (Finland), Red Guards. The FSWR controlled the capital Helsinki and most of southern Finland until March. Kullervo Manner served as its sole leader as Chairman of the Central Committee of the Finnish People's Delegation. The FSWR collapsed when the Red Guards were defeated by the Whites (Finland), White Finns and German Empire, Germany, with Manner and most of the Finnish People's Delegation fleeing to Soviet Russia. The name "Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic" () appeared only in the Treaty between Finnish People's Delegation and Russian Council of People ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Karl Fredrik Wilkama
Karl Fredrik Wilkama (27 March 1876 – 15 July 1947), born Wilkman, was a Finnish General of the Infantry. He was the supreme commander of the Finnish Defence Forces. Wilkama became an officer in the Imperial Russian Army in 1899. According to the records, he started his military career on 30 May 1889, when he was only 13. Wilkama was appointed General Major on 12 April 1918. He initially commanded the Finnish Eastern Army. Major General Wilkama was appointed Commander-in-chief of the Finnish Army on 31 May 1918, when General of the Cavalry Mannerheim was granted leave from his position. However, Wilkama only held his position for 2½ months (until 13 August 1918). He resigned from the army on 18 June 1919, but he was reappointed Commander-in-chief between 12 September 1919 – 7 August 1924. He was promoted to Lieutenant General on 16 May 1922. His third period as Commander-in-chief began on 2 October 1925 and he retired on 22 May 1926. He became a general of the inf ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Harald Öhquist
Harald Öhquist (1 March 1891 – 10 February 1971) was a Finnish Jäger and Lieutenant General during World War II. Biography Öhquist was of Ingrian Finnish descent through his father, Finnish writer Johannes Öhquist, and of German descent through his paternal grandmother. He joined the Jaeger Movement in 1915 and trained and fought in the Royal Prussian 27th Jäger Battalion. Known for events in the Vyborg massacre. "Orders for conducting the executions were mainly given by the officers of the Jäger Movement. For example, the Jäger Major Harald Öhquist admitted that his company had shot some 150 "Red Ruskies", but did not mention who had given the order. After the war, General Karl Fredrik Wilkama was considered to be responsible for the massacre, but neither he nor anyone else was ever convicted or even charged in a court of law. Wilkama himself described the massacre as a "little accident." During the Finnish Civil War he was promoted as Major, and Öhquist lead th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jäger Movement
The Jäger Movement () consisted of volunteers from Finland who trained in Germany as Jägers during World War I. Supported by Germany to enable the creation of a Finnish sovereign state, the movement was one of many means by which Germany intended to weaken Russia and to cause Russia's loss of its western provinces and dependencies. History The recruitment of volunteers from the Grand Duchy of Finland was clandestine and dominated by German-influenced circles, such as university students and the Finnish upper middle class. The recruitment was however in no way exclusive. In all, over 1,100 volunteers are estimated to have "slipped off" to train in Germany. The recruits were most often clandestinely transported across Finland's western border via Sweden to Germany, where they were formed into the Royal Prussian 27th Jäger Battalion. The Jäger Battalion fought in the ranks of the German Army from 1916 in the battles on the northern flank of the eastern front. After the ou ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rudolf Walden
Karl Rudolf Walden (1 December 1878 in Helsinki – 25 October 1946) was a Finnish industrialist and a military leader. Education Walden received his military education at the Hamina Cadet School and graduated in 1900. He was dismissed from service in 1902, in connection with conscription strikes. Finnish civil war From 20 February 1918 till 5 March 1918, Walden was chief of Vaasa military district. From then until 6 May 1918, he was chief of headquarters of the rear. He then became chief of security of the occupied areas until 22 May 1918. On 28 November 1918, Walden became minister of war and held this position until 15 August 1919. Walden was then promoted to commander in chief of the Finnish army and the Civil Guard (27 November 1918 - 30 December 1918). Walden and general of the White army Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim developed a close working relationship that continued throughout the inter war period (head of Finnish Red Cross in the 20th century) and during the Winter ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
National Socialist Bloc
National Socialist Bloc () was a Swedish Nazi political party formed in the end of 1933 by the merger of '' Nationalsocialistiska Samlingspartiet'', '' Nationalsocialistiska Förbundet'' and local National Socialist units connected to the advocate Sven Hallström in Umeå. Later '' Svensk Nationalsocialistisk Samling'' merged into NSB. The leader of the party was Colonel Martin Ekström. The party maintained several publications, ''Landet Fritt'' (Gothenburg), ''Vår Kamp'' (Gothenburg), ''Vår Front'' (Umeå), '' Nasisten'' (Malmö Malmö is the List of urban areas in Sweden by population, third-largest city in Sweden, after Stockholm and Gothenburg, and the List of urban areas in the Nordic countries, sixth-largest city in Nordic countries, the Nordic region. Located on ...) and ''Riksposten''. NSB differentiated itself from other Swedish Nazi groups due to its liaisons with the Swedish upper class. NSB was clearly smaller than the two main Nazi parties in Sweden at ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Martin Ekström
Martin Eugen Ekström (6 December 1887 – 28 December 1954) was a Swedish military adventurer who became the leader of the National Socialist Bloc, an umbrella organization for various fascist and National Socialist groups. Ekström was born in By, Avesta Municipality. During the Finnish Civil War, he led the Vasa Regiment which was responsible for the Viipuri massacre. Lieutenant colonel Ekström led the 3rd Battlegroup of the Swedish Volunteer Corps in the Finnish Winter War. Tendens.se. He died in Helsinki, aged 67. Career Ekström was born in By, Kopparberg County, the son of Anders Gustav Ekström and his wife Johanna Mathilda (née Eriksson). He graduated from the Artillery School in 1916 and completed the German officers examination in Turkey in 1916. Ekström was military instructor of the Persian Gendarmerie from 1911 to 1915 and was chief of staff of Vaasa White Guard District. He participated in the Finnish Civil War, the Estonian War of Independence, and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ernst Löfström
Ernst Löfström (31 May 1865 – 5 January 1937) was a Finnish general in World War I and the Finnish Civil War. He fought on the side of the whites. He died in Helsinki Helsinki () is the Capital city, capital and most populous List of cities and towns in Finland, city in Finland. It is on the shore of the Gulf of Finland and is the seat of southern Finland's Uusimaa region. About people live in the municipali ....Löfström, Ernst Berthold ''Suomalaiset kenraalit ja amiraalit Venäjän sotavoimissa 1809–1917''. Biografiakeskus, Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura.Teemu Keskisarja: ''Viipuri 1918'', s. 216–222. Siltala, Helsinki 2013.Keskisarja 2013, s. 368–370. References {{DEFAULTSORT:Lofstro ...[...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Viipuri Castle
Vyborg Castle (; ; ) is a fortress in Vyborg, Russia. It was built by the Swedes during the Middle Ages around which the town of Vyborg evolved. The castle became the stronghold of the Swedish realm in the Karelian region. Throughout the centuries, it was the first defense of the kingdom against the Russians. Its military and strategic status in the late Middle Ages was second only to the fortified capital Stockholm. Currently it serves as the site of Vyborg Regional Museum. Overview Vyborg Castle was one of the three major castles of Finland, the three being the castles of Turku ( in Swedish) and Hämeenlinna (), and Vyborg (). It was built as the easternmost outpost of the medieval Kingdom of Sweden: it is located on the Karelian Isthmus, on a little islet in the innermost corner of the Gulf of Finland, in a tight strait which connects Zashchitnaya Bay to Vyborg Bay. It was originally constructed in the 1290s on the site of Karelian fortress after the Third Swedish Crusade ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Annenkrone
Annenkrone (''St Anne's Crown'', , tr. ''Annenskiye ukrepleniya'', ) is an early 18th century fortification in Vyborg, Russia. It is located outside the town in the island of Tverdysh. History The construction was started by Peter the Great in 1720, after Russia had successfully finished the Siege of Vyborg and captured the town from Sweden in the Great Northern War. The fortification was completed by Anna of Russia in 1741. The project was under the direction of the German-born soldier-engineer Burkhard Christoph von Münnich. Annenkrone is composed of four bastions and three ravelins facing west and one moat on the north side. The fortification was never used in war. After the Finnish War of 1808–1809 Annenkrone lost its significance as Finland became a part of the Russian Empire and the border against Sweden was transferred hundreds of kilometres west. The last barracks and other buildings were completed in the mid-19th century. Today the fortification is a part of the P ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
University Of Jyväskylä
A university () is an institution of tertiary education and research which awards academic degrees in several academic disciplines. ''University'' is derived from the Latin phrase , which roughly means "community of teachers and scholars". Universities typically offer both undergraduate and postgraduate programs. The first universities in Europe were established by Catholic monks. The University of Bologna (), Italy, which was founded in 1088, is the first university in the sense of: *being a high degree-awarding institute. *using the word (which was coined at its foundation). *having independence from the ecclesiastic schools and issuing secular as well as non-secular degrees (with teaching conducted by both clergy and non-clergy): grammar, rhetoric, logic, theology, canon law and notarial law.Hunt Janin: "The university in medieval life, 1179–1499", McFarland, 2008, , p. 55f.de Ridder-Symoens, Hilde''A History of the University in Europe: Volume 1, Universities in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
