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Vision Theory Of Jesus' Appearances
The vision theory or vision hypothesis is a term used to cover a range of theories that question the physical resurrection of Jesus, and suggest that sightings of a risen Jesus were epiphanies or internal, subjective visionary experiences, often classified as grief or bereavement visions. It was first formulated by David Friedrich Strauss in the 19th century, and has been proposed in several forms by critical contemporary scholarship, including Helmut Koester, Géza Vermes, and Larry Hurtado, and members of the Jesus Seminar such as Gerd Lüdemann. Christian apologists and certain scholars and theologians reject the theory, holding the resurrection to be an actual bodily phenomenon.Michael MorrisoThe Resurrection of Jesus: A History of Interpretation Hypothesis Subjective vision theory Origen's response to the second century philosopher Celsus provides the earliest known literary record of a vision hypothesis; it was later popularized by 19th century theologian David Strau ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Resurrection Of Jesus
The resurrection of Jesus () is Christianity, Christian belief that God in Christianity, God Resurrection, raised Jesus in Christianity, Jesus from the dead on the third day after Crucifixion of Jesus, his crucifixion, starting—or Preexistence of Christ, restoring—his Session of Christ, exalted life as Christ (title), Christ and Jesus is Lord, Lord. According to the New Testament writing, Jesus was Firstborn (Judaism), firstborn from the dead, ushering in the Kingdom of God. He appeared to his disciples, calling the apostles to the Great Commission of forgiving sin and baptizing Repentance in Christianity, repenters, and Ascension of Jesus, ascended to Heaven. For the Christian tradition, the bodily resurrection was the restoration to life of a Spiritual body, transformed body powered by Pneuma, spirit, as described by Paul the Apostle, Paul and the gospel authors, that led to the establishment of Christianity. In Christian theology, the resurrection of Jesus is "the cen ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Liberal Christian
Liberal Christianity, also known as liberal theology and historically as Christian modernism (see Catholic modernism and fundamentalist–modernist controversy), is a movement that interprets Christian teaching by prioritizing modern knowledge, science and ethics. It emphasizes the importance of reason and experience over doctrinal authority. Liberal Christians view their theology as an alternative to both atheistic rationalism and theologies based on traditional interpretations of external authority, such as the Bible or sacred tradition. Liberal theology grew out of the Enlightenment's rationalism and the Romanticism of the 18th and 19th centuries. By the late 19th and early 20th centuries, it was characterized by an acceptance of Darwinian evolution, use of modern biblical criticism, and participation in the Social Gospel movement. This was also the period when liberal theology was most dominant within the Protestant churches. Liberal theology's influence declined with ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gary Habermas
Gary Robert Habermas (born June 28, 1950) is an American New Testament scholar and theologian who frequently writes and lectures on the resurrection of Jesus. He has specialized in cataloging and communicating trends among scholars in the field of historical Jesus and New Testament studies. He is distinguished research professor and chair of the department of philosophy and theology at Liberty University. Life and career Habermas is a distinguished research professor of apologetics and philosophy and chairman of the department of philosophy at Liberty University in Lynchburg, Virginia. He received his Doctor of Philosophy degree in interdisciplinary studies from Michigan State University in 1976; his thesis was titled "The resurrection of Jesus: a rational inquiry". Habermas previously acquired a master's degree (1973) from the University of Detroit in philosophical theology. He has specialized in cataloging and communicating trends among scholars who study topics pertaining t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Emmaus
Emmaus ( ; ; ; ) is a town mentioned in the Gospel of Luke of the New Testament. Luke reports that Jesus appeared, after his death and resurrection, before two of his disciples while they were walking on the road to Emmaus. Although its geographical identification is not certain, several locations have been suggested throughout history, chiefly Imwas and Al-Qubeiba, both in the West Bank. It is known only that it was connected by a road to Jerusalem; the distance given by Luke varies in different manuscripts and the figure given has been made even more ambiguous by interpretations. Names and location The place-name Emmaus is relatively common in classical sources about the Levant and is usually derived through Greek and Latin from the Semitic word for "warm spring", the Hebrew form of which is ''hamma'' or ''hammat'' (חמת). In the ancient and present-day Middle East, many sites are named Hama Hamath and variations thereof. The name for Emmaus was hellenized during the 2nd ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Doubting Thomas
A doubting Thomas is a skeptic who refuses to believe without direct personal experience—a reference to the Gospel of John's depiction of the Apostle Thomas, who, in John's account, refused to believe the resurrected Jesus had appeared to the ten other apostles until he could see and feel Jesus's crucifixion wounds. In art, the episode (formally called the Incredulity of Thomas) has been frequently depicted since at least the 15th century, with its depiction reflecting a range of theological interpretations. Gospel account The episode is related in chapter 20 of the Gospel of John, but not in the three synoptic Gospels. The text of the King James Version is as follows: Commentators have noted that John avoids saying whether Thomas actually did "thrust" his hand in. Before the Protestant Reformation the usual belief, reflected in artistic depictions, was that he had done so, which most Catholic writers continued to believe, while Protestant writers often thought th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mary Magdalene
Mary Magdalene (sometimes called Mary of Magdala, or simply the Magdalene or the Madeleine) was a woman who, according to the four canonical gospels, traveled with Jesus as one of his followers and was a witness to crucifixion of Jesus, his crucifixion and Resurrection of Jesus, resurrection. In Gnosticism, Gnostic writings, Mary Magdalene is depicted as Jesus’s closest disciple who uniquely understood his teachings, causing tension with Saint Peter, Peter, and is honored as the “apostle to the apostles.” Mary Magdalene was a historical figure, possibly from Magdala. She was a prominent follower of Jesus who was believed to have been healed by him, supported his ministry financially, and was present at his Crucifixion of Jesus, crucifixion and burial. She played a key role among his female disciples. Overall, there is limited information about her life. Speculations about Mary Magdalene range from scholarly theories that she was the “disciple whom Jesus loved” in the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
John Gager
John Goodrich Gager Jr. (born 1937 in Boston, Massachusetts) is an American scholar of Christianity. He retired from his position as William H. Danforth Professor of Religion at Princeton University in the spring of 2006. Biography Gager joined the faculty of Princeton University in 1968 as an assistant professor in the Department of Religion, having previously taught at Haverford College. After studying at Phillips Exeter Academy in New Hampshire, Gager went on to receive his B.A. and M. Div. from Yale University and his Ph.D. from Harvard University. Gager undertook additional studies at the Sorbonne in Paris and at the University of Tübingen in Germany. During his studies in Yale, Gager was a Freedom Rider, and was arrested in Jackson, Mississippi in June 1961. Gager's scholarly concern is with the religions of the Roman Empire, especially early Christianity and its relations to ancient Judaism, and has also written on the theme of religion and magic. In his book "Kin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Parousia
The Second Coming (sometimes called the Second Advent or the Parousia) is the Christian and Islamic belief that Jesus Christ will return to Earth after his ascension to Heaven (which is said to have occurred about two thousand years ago). The idea is based on messianic prophecies and is part of most Christian eschatologies. In Islamic eschatology, Jesus (''ʿĪsā ibn Maryam'') is also believed to return in the end times. According to Islamic belief, he will descend from Heaven to defeat the false messiah (''al-Masih ad-Dajjal''), restore justice, and reaffirm monotheism. His return is regarded as one of the major signs of the Day of Judgment, and he is viewed as a revered prophet, not divine, in Islamic theology. Other faiths have various interpretations of it. Terminology Several different terms are used to refer to the Second Coming of Christ: In the New Testament, the Greek word ἐπιφάνεια (''epiphaneia'', appearing) is used six times to refer to the retu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Second Coming
The Second Coming (sometimes called the Second Advent or the Parousia) is the Christianity, Christian and Islam, Islamic belief that Jesus, Jesus Christ will return to Earth after his Ascension of Jesus, ascension to Heaven (Christianity), Heaven (which is said to have occurred about two thousand years ago). The idea is based on Jesus and messianic prophecy, messianic prophecies and is part of most Christian eschatologies. In Islamic eschatology, Jesus in Islam, Jesus (''ʿĪsā ibn Maryam'') is also believed to return in the end times. According to Islamic belief, he will descend from Heaven to defeat the Al-Masih ad-Dajjal, false messiah (''al-Masih ad-Dajjal''), restore justice, and reaffirm monotheism. His return is regarded as one of the Judgement Day in Islam, major signs of the Day of Judgment, and he is viewed as a revered prophet, not divine, in Islamic theology. Other faiths have various interpretations of it. Terminology Several different terms are used to refer ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cognitive Dissonance
In the field of psychology, cognitive dissonance is described as a mental phenomenon in which people unknowingly hold fundamentally conflicting cognitions. Being confronted by situations that challenge this dissonance may ultimately result in some change in their cognitions or actions to cause greater alignment between them so as to reduce this dissonance. Relevant items of cognition include peoples' actions, feelings, ideas, beliefs, Value (ethics), values, and things in the Natural environment, environment. Cognitive dissonance exists without signs but surfaces through psychological stress when persons participate in an action that goes against one or more of conflicting things. According to this theory, when an action or idea is psychologically inconsistent with the other, people automatically try to resolve the conflict, usually by reframing a side to make the combination congruent. Discomfort is triggered by beliefs clashing with new information or by having to conceptually re ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
James The Just
James the Just, or a variation of James, brother of the Lord ( from , and , , can also be Anglicized as "Jacob"), was, according to the New Testament, a brother of Jesus. He was the first Jewish bishop of Jerusalem. Traditionally, it is believed he was martyred either in 62 AD by being stoned to death on the order of High Priest Ananus ben Ananus, or in 69 AD by being thrown off the pinnacle of the Temple by scribes and Pharisees and then clubbed to death. James, Joses, Simon, and Judas are mentioned as the brothers of Jesus as well as two or more unnamed sisters. (See Matthew 13:55; Mark 6:3.) Catholics and Orthodox Christians teach that James, along with others named in the New Testament as brothers of Jesus, were not the biological children of Mary, mother of Jesus, but were cousins of Jesus, or step-brothers from a previous marriage of Joseph (as related in the non-canonical Gospel of James). Others consider James to be the son of Mary and Joseph. The Ca ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jesus The Magician
''Jesus the Magician'' is a 1978 book by Morton Smith arguing that the historical Jesus was a magician who "sprang from a Galilean strain of Semitic paganism" (p. 68). Background The idea that Jesus was a magician did not originate with Morton Smith. It was previously voiced by the philosopher and critic Celsus (''The True Word'' c. 200 CE) as we know from the rebuttal authored by the Christian apologist/scholar Origen: "It was by magic that he was able to do the miracles" (''Contra Celsum'' 1.6). Hans Dieter Betz (1994) observes that "from early on even Jesus of Nazareth was implicated in that he was said to be mad or a magician possessed by Satan" and R. Joseph Hoffmann writes (1987) that it is well attested that "the early Christian mission was advanced by the use of magic." Smith was featured discussing his theories in the controversial television documentary series, '' Jesus: The Evidence'' (1984: LWT for Channel 4). Reception Bart Ehrman referred to the book as ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
