Varanosaurus
''Varanosaurus'' ('monitor lizard') is an extinct genus of early ophiacodontid synapsid that lived during the Artinskian and Kungurian ages of the Permian.R. R. Reisz. 1986. Pelycosauria. ''Handbuch der Paläoherpetologie / Encyclopedia of Paleoherpetology'' 17A:1-102 Description As its name implies, ''Varanosaurus'' may have looked superficially similar to present-day monitor lizards, though not related at all. ''Varanosaurus'' had a flattened, elongated skull and a pointed snout with a row of sharp teeth, including two pairs of conspicuous pseudocanines, implying that it was an active predator. ''Varanosaurus'' probably lived in swamps, competing with the larger '' Ophiacodon'' for food. Classification Below is a cladogram A cladogram (from Greek language, Greek ''clados'' "branch" and ''gramma'' "character") is a diagram used in cladistics to show relations among organisms. A cladogram is not, however, an Phylogenetic tree, evolutionary tree because it does not s .. ... [...More Info...]       [...Related Items...]     OR:     [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Baidu]   |
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List Of Pelycosaurs
This list of pelycosaurs is an attempt to create a comprehensive listing of all Genus, genera that have ever been included in the synapsida excluding therapsida and purely vernacular terms. The list includes all commonly accepted genera, but also genera that are now considered invalid, doubtful (''nomen dubium, nomina dubia''), or were not formally published (''nomen nudum, nomina nuda''), as well as synonym (zoology), junior synonyms of more established names, and genera that are no longer considered pelycosaurs. The list currently contains 83 generic names. Naming conventions and terminology Naming conventions and terminology follow the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. Technical terms used include: * Synonym (zoology), Junior synonym: A name which describes the same taxon as a previously published name. If two or more genera are formally designated and the type (zoology), type specimens are later assigned to the same genus, the first to be published (in chronologica ... [...More Info...]       [...Related Items...]     OR:     [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Baidu]   |
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Ophiacodontid
Ophiacodontidae is an extinct family of early synapsids from the Carboniferous and Permian. ''Archaeothyris'', and ''Clepsydrops'' were among the earliest ophiacodontids, appearing in the Late Carboniferous. Ophiacodontids are among the most basal synapsids, an offshoot of the lineage which includes therapsids and their descendants, the mammals. The group became extinct by the Kungurian or the Roadian, replaced by anomodonts, theriodonts, and the diapsid reptiles. Characteristics The lifestyle of ophiacodonts has long been controversial. Some studies suggested that they were semi-aquatic, and some even suggested a fairly aquatic lifestyle, but a recent study based on a quantitative inference model suggested that both ''Clepsydrops'' and ''Ophiacodon'' were terrestrial. Vertebral morphometric data also support, though ambiguously, a rather terrestrial lifestyle for ''Ophiacodon'', which could reach a length of . ''Archaeothyris'' may also have been terrestrial, but no detailed ... [...More Info...]       [...Related Items...]     OR:     [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Baidu]   |
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Ophiacodontidae
Ophiacodontidae is an extinct family of early synapsids from the Carboniferous and Permian. '' Archaeothyris'', and '' Clepsydrops'' were among the earliest ophiacodontids, appearing in the Late Carboniferous. Ophiacodontids are among the most basal synapsids, an offshoot of the lineage which includes therapsids and their descendants, the mammals. The group became extinct by the Kungurian or the Roadian, replaced by anomodonts, theriodonts, and the diapsid reptiles. Characteristics The lifestyle of ophiacodonts has long been controversial. Some studies suggested that they were semi-aquatic, and some even suggested a fairly aquatic lifestyle, but a recent study based on a quantitative inference model suggested that both '' Clepsydrops'' and '' Ophiacodon'' were terrestrial. Vertebral morphometric data also support, though ambiguously, a rather terrestrial lifestyle for '' Ophiacodon'', which could reach a length of . '' Archaeothyris'' may also have been terrestrial, but no ... [...More Info...]       [...Related Items...]     OR:     [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Baidu]   |
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Archaeothyris Florensis
''Archaeothyris'' is an extinct genus of ophiacodontid synapsid that lived during the Late Carboniferous and is known from Nova Scotia. Dated to 306 million years ago, ''Archaeothyris'', along with a more poorly known synapsid called ''Echinerpeton'', are the oldest undisputed synapsids known. The name means ''ancient window'' (Greek), and refers to the opening in the skull, the temporal fenestra, which indicates this is an early synapsid. ''Protoclepsydrops'' also from Nova Scotia is slightly older but is known by very fragmentary materials. Description ''Archaeothyris'' was more advanced than the early sauropsids, having strong jaws that could open wider than those of the early reptiles. While its sharp teeth were all of the same size & shape, it did possess a pair of enlarged canine (tooth), canines, suggesting that it was a carnivore. ''Archaeothyriss legs were articulated laterally at its pelvis and shoulders, which gave it a sprawling stance. The first toe is smaller than ... [...More Info...]       [...Related Items...]     OR:     [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Baidu]   |
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Synapsida
Synapsida is a diverse group of tetrapod vertebrates that includes all mammals and their extinct relatives. It is one of the two major clades of the group Amniota, the other being the more diverse group Sauropsida (which includes all extant reptiles and therefore, birds). Unlike other amniotes, synapsids have a single temporal fenestra, an opening low in the skull roof behind each eye socket, leaving a bony arch beneath each; this accounts for the name "synapsid". The distinctive temporal fenestra developed about 318 million years ago during the Late Carboniferous period, when synapsids and sauropsids diverged, but was subsequently merged with the orbit in early mammals. The basal amniotes ( reptiliomorphs) from which synapsids evolved were historically simply called "reptiles". Therefore, stem group synapsids were then described as mammal-like reptiles in classical systematics, and non- therapsid synapsids were also referred to as pelycosaurs or pelycosaur- grade syn ... [...More Info...]       [...Related Items...]     OR:     [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Baidu]   |
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Early Permian
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Captorhinus
''Captorhinus'' (from , 'to gulp down' and , 'nose') is an extinct genus of Captorhinidae, captorhinid reptiles that lived during the Permian period. Its remains are known from North America (Oklahoma, Texas) and possibly South America. Description While there are several forms of ''Captorhinus'', there are three main species that are the best known. The previously mentioned ''Captorhinus aguti'' is the type species of ''Captorhinus'', but there is also a fair amount of material collected on ''Captorhinus magnus'' and ''Captorhinus laticeps''. The most distinguishable trait of ''Captorhinus'' is its namesake: the hooking of the snout from prominent ventral angulation of the premaxillary process. Other notable characteristics include the dorsally positioned alary process of the jugal on the medial surface and flushed with the orbital margin, the retroarticular process longer anteroposteriorly than broad, and the anteriormost dentary tooth strongly procumbent. The posterior t ... [...More Info...]       [...Related Items...]     OR:     [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Baidu]   |
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Kungurian Genera
In the geologic timescale, the Kungurian is an age (geology), age or stage (stratigraphy), stage of the Permian. It is the latest or upper of four subdivisions of the Cisuralian Epoch (geology), Epoch or series (stratigraphy), Series. The Kungurian lasted between and megaannum, million years ago (Ma). It was preceded by the Artinskian and followed by the Roadian. Stratigraphy The Kungurian is named after the Russian city of Kungur in Perm Krai. The stage was introduced into scientific literature by Russian geologist Alexandr Antonovich Stukenberg (Alexander Stuckenberg) in 1890.; 2002: ''Progress report on the base of the Artinskian and base of the Kungurian by the Cisuralian Working Group'', Permophiles 41: pp 13–16. The base of the Kungurian Stage is defined as the place in the stratigraphic record where fossils of conodont species ''Neostreptognathodus pnevi'' and ''Neostreptognathodus exculptus'' first appear. As of 2009, there was no agreement yet on a global reference pr ... [...More Info...]       [...Related Items...]     OR:     [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Baidu]   |
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Stereophallodon Ciscoensis
''Stereophallodon'' is an extinct genus of non-mammalian synapsids. See also * List of pelycosaurs This list of pelycosaurs is an attempt to create a comprehensive listing of all Genus, genera that have ever been included in the synapsida excluding therapsida and purely vernacular terms. The list includes all commonly accepted genera, but also g ... References The main groups of non-mammalian synapsids at Mikko's Phylogeny Archive Bibliography *A. S. Romer. 1937. New genera and species of pelycosaurian reptiles. ''Proceedings of the New England Zoölogical Club'' 16:89-95 *Brinkman, D. & Eberth, D.A., 1986, The anatomy and relationships of ''Stereophallodon'' and ''Baldwinonus'' (Reptilia, Pelycosauria): ''Breviora'', no. 485, p. 34. Ophiacodontidae Carboniferous synapsids of North America Taxa named by Alfred Romer Fossil taxa described in 1937 {{paleo-synapsid-stub ... [...More Info...]       [...Related Items...]     OR:     [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Baidu]   |
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Varanopidae
Varanopidae is an extinct family (biology), family of amniotes known from the Late Carboniferous to Middle Permian that resembled monitor lizards (with the name of the group deriving from the monitor lizard genus ''Varanus'') and may have filled a similar niche. Typically, they are considered to be relatively Basal (phylogenetics), basal Synapsida, synapsids (and thus more closely related to mammals than to reptiles), although some studies from the late 2010s recovered them being taxonomically closer to diapsid reptiles, recent studies from the early 2020s support their traditional placement as synapsids on the basis of high degree of bone labyrinth ossification, maxillary canal morphology and phylogenetic analyses. A varanopid from the late Middle Permian Pristerognathus Assemblage Zone, ''Pristerognathus'' Assemblage Zone (Capitanian) is the youngest known varanopid and the last member of the "pelycosaur" group of synapsids. Thus, Varanopidae vanishes from the fossil record at th ... [...More Info...]       [...Related Items...]     OR:     [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Baidu]   |
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Sphenacodontia
Sphenacodontia is a stem-based taxon, stem-based clade of derived synapsids. It was defined by Amson and Laurin (2011) as "the largest clade that includes ''Haptodus baylei'', ''Haptodus garnettensis'' and ''Sphenacodon ferox'', but not ''Edaphosaurus pogonias''". They first appear during the Late Pennsylvanian (Upper Carboniferous) epoch. From the end of the Carboniferous to the end of the Permian, most of them remained large, with only some secondarily becoming small in size. Basal (phylogenetics), Basal Sphenacodontia constitute a Transitional fossils, transitional evolutionary series from early pelycosaurs to ancestral therapsids (which in turn were the ancestors of cynodont, more advanced forms and finally the mammals). One might say that the sphenacodontians are proto-therapsids (even though there is almost a 30-million-years gap between the separation of the ancestors of therapsids from other sphenacodontians and the first appearance of therapsids in the fossil record). Ch ... [...More Info...]       [...Related Items...]     OR:     [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Baidu]   |
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Edaphosauridae
Edaphosauridae is a family of mostly large (up to or more) Late Carboniferous to Early Permian synapsids. Edaphosaur fossils are so far known only from North America and Europe. Characteristics They were the earliest known herbivorous amniotes and, along with the Diadectidae, the earliest known herbivorous tetrapods. The head is small in relation to the bulky body, and there is a tall sail along the back, which may have functioned as a thermoregulatory device. Classification The interrelationships of Edaphosauridae was investigated in details by David M. Mazierski and Robert R. Reisz (2010). The cladogram A cladogram (from Greek language, Greek ''clados'' "branch" and ''gramma'' "character") is a diagram used in cladistics to show relations among organisms. A cladogram is not, however, an Phylogenetic tree, evolutionary tree because it does not s ... below is modified after their phylogenetic analysis. Below is a cladogram modified from the analysis of Benson (2012): ... [...More Info...]       [...Related Items...]     OR:     [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Baidu]   |