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U.S. V. Cruikshank
''United States v. Cruikshank'', 92 U.S. 542 (1876), was a landmark decision of the United States Supreme Court ruling that the U.S. Bill of Rights did not limit the power of private actors or state governments despite the adoption of the Fourteenth Amendment. It reversed the federal criminal convictions for the civil rights violations committed in aid of anti-Reconstruction murders. Decided during the Reconstruction Era, the case represented a major defeat for federal efforts to protect the civil rights of African Americans. The case developed from the strongly contested 1872 Louisiana gubernatorial election and the subsequent Colfax massacre, in which dozens of black people and three white people were killed. Federal charges were brought against several whites using the Enforcement Act of 1870, which prohibited two or more people from conspiring to deprive anyone of his constitutional rights. Charges included hindering the freedmen's First Amendment right to freely assemble ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
William Tod Otto
William Tod Otto (January 19, 1816 – November 7, 1905) was an American judge and the eighth Supreme Court of the United States Reporter of Decisions, reporter of decisions of the United States Supreme Court, serving as reporter from 1875 to 1883. Biography Born in Philadelphia, he was the son of noted physician John Conrad Otto. He received his Bachelor of Arts, A.B. in 1833 and his Master of Arts, A.M. in 1836, both from the University of Pennsylvania, and then read law with Joseph R. Ingersoll. He moved west and practiced law in Brownstown, Indiana and was a judge on the Indiana Second Circuit Court from 1844 to 1852. He taught law at a predecessor school of the now Indiana University Maurer School of Law from 1847 to 1852 and unsuccessfully ran for Attorney General of Indiana in 1858. A personal friend of Abraham Lincoln, Judge Otto headed the Indiana delegation to the 1860 Republican National Convention that nominated Lincoln for the presidency. Subsequently, he was amon ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Judiciary Of Louisiana
The Judiciary of Louisiana is defined under the Constitution and law of Louisiana and is composed of the Louisiana Supreme Court, the Louisiana Circuit Courts of Appeal, the District Courts, the Justice of the Peace Courts, the Mayor's Courts, the City Courts, and the Parish Courts. The Chief Justice of the Louisiana Supreme Court is the chief administrator of the judiciary, and its administration is aided by the Judiciary Commission of Louisiana, the Louisiana Attorney Disciplinary Board, and the Judicial Council of the Supreme Court of Louisiana. Courts Supreme Court The Supreme Court of Louisiana is the highest court and court of last resort. It is composed of seven justices and meets in the French Quarter of New Orleans. The Court has original jurisdiction over matters arising from disciplinary matters involving the bench and bar. The Court has exclusive appellate jurisdiction over any case where a law or ordinance of this state has been declared unconstitutional or wh ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fusion Party
Fusion Party is a name for multiple political parties in United States history and more recently a Federal political party established in Australia. The different parties that used the name don't share any particular political positions; instead, confederations of people from disparate political backgrounds united around a common cause individual to their situation—often opposition to a common enemy—and used the name Fusion Party to reflect the aggregate nature of their new party. City Fusion Party in New York City The City Fusion Party of New York City was the vehicle that Republican Fiorello La Guardia used to defeat the Democrats of Tammany Hall and get elected mayor of New York in 1933, and reelected in 1937 and 1941. It was part of the New Deal coalition and worked closely with President Franklin D. Roosevelt, who provided federal patronage. Fusion Party in Ohio and Indiana The Fusion Party was the original name of the Republican Party in the state of Ohio. In 1854, a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Republican Party (United States)
The Republican Party, also known as the Grand Old Party (GOP), is a Right-wing politics, right-wing political parties in the United States, political party in the United States. One of the Two-party system, two major parties, it emerged as the main rival of the then-dominant Democratic Party (United States), Democratic Party in the 1850s, and the two parties have dominated American politics since then. The Republican Party was founded in 1854 by anti-slavery activists opposing the Kansas–Nebraska Act and the expansion of slavery in the United States, slavery into U.S. territories. It rapidly gained support in the Northern United States, North, drawing in former Whig Party (United States), Whigs and Free Soil Party, Free Soilers. Abraham Lincoln's 1860 United States presidential election, election in 1860 led to the secession of Southern states and the outbreak of the American Civil War. Under Lincoln and a Republican-controlled Congress, the party led efforts to preserve th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Governor Of Louisiana
The governor of Louisiana (; ) is the chief executive of the U.S. state government of Louisiana. The governor also serves as the commander in chief of the Louisiana National Guard. Republican Jeff Landry has held the office since January 8, 2024. History Louisiana ratified its first constitution in 1812. The document provided for a governor who would serve a four-year term and was responsible for appointing all non-elected state officials, making the holder of the office one of the most powerful such executives in the United States at the time. Candidates for the office were limited to white men of at least 35 years of age who held at least $5,000 worth in landed property. Popular gubernatorial elections were held, but the Louisiana State Legislature was given the responsibility of deciding the winner from among the two top-performing candidates. Governors were forbidden from holding consecutive terms. William C. C. Claiborne served as the state's first governor. The 184 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1872 Louisiana Gubernatorial Election
The 1872 Louisiana gubernatorial election was held on November 4, 1872. This was the second election to take place under the Louisiana Constitution of 1868, which established universal manhood suffrage in Louisiana as required by the Reconstruction Acts. The campaign was marred by terrorist and paramilitary action in support of the Democratic Party. Democratic candidate John McEnery disputed the official results, which declared William Pitt Kellogg the winner, but Kellogg's claim was supported by President of the United States Ulysses S. Grant. The Democratic Party sought the overthrow of the Kellogg administration, culminating in the Battle of Liberty Place in 1874, where the White League forced Kellogg from office until he was reinstated by federal troops. This was the last time a Republican won the governorship in Louisiana until 1979. Background Following the end of the American Civil War and assassination of Abraham Lincoln, President Andrew Johnson pursued a lenient po ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Colfax, Louisiana
Colfax is a town in, and the parish seat of, Grant Parish, Louisiana, United States, founded in 1869. Colfax is part of the Alexandria, Louisiana metropolitan area. The largely African American population of Colfax counted 1,558 at the 2010 census. History Colfax is most known for a Reconstruction Era massacre known as the Colfax massacre which took place Easter, April 13, 1873, to quell black voting. One hundred-fifty African Americans and three whites were killed in one of the most egregious acts of terrorism during Reconstruction. A white militia was led against freedmen by Christopher Columbus Nash, who claimed to have been elected sheriff on a Fusionist/ Democratic slate. Freedmen were defending Republican officials at the county courthouse and had gathered there as tensions rose in a post-election dispute. A contemporary report by the U.S. military documented the three white fatalities and 105 black victims by name, with 15-20 unidentified blacks found in the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Grant Parish, Louisiana
Grant Parish is a parish located in the North Central portion of the U.S. state of Louisiana. As of the 2020 census, the population was 22,169. The parish seat is Colfax. The parish was founded in 1869 during the Reconstruction era. Grant Parish is part of the Alexandria, LA Metropolitan Statistical Area and Red River Valley. From 1940 to 1960, the parish had a dramatic population loss, as many African Americans from the plantation areas left in the Great Migration to seek better opportunities in the North and West. Such migration continued until about 1970. One of the eleven parishes organized during Reconstruction, Grant was created from parts of Winn and Rapides parishes. Grant Parish is the site of United States Penitentiary, Pollock. History Grant Parish was originally a part of the more populous Rapides Parish to the south. Prior to the American Civil War, the center of activity focused upon "Calhoun's Landing," named for the cotton and sugar planter Me ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Militia
A militia ( ) is a military or paramilitary force that comprises civilian members, as opposed to a professional standing army of regular, full-time military personnel. Militias may be raised in times of need to support regular troops or serve as a pool of available manpower for regular forces to draw from. When acting independently, militias are generally unable to hold ground against regular forces. Militias commonly support regular troops by skirmishing, holding fortifications, or conducting irregular warfare, instead of undertaking offensive campaigns by themselves. However, militias may also engage in defense activities to protect a community, its territory, property, and laws. For example, naval militias may comprise fishermen and other civilians which are organized and sanctioned by a state to enforce its maritime boundaries. Beginning in the late 20th century, some militias (in particular officially recognized and sanctioned militias of a government) act as profe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Freedmen
A freedman or freedwoman is a person who has been released from slavery, usually by legal means. Historically, slaves were freed by manumission (granted freedom by their owners), emancipation (granted freedom as part of a larger group), or self-purchase. A fugitive slave is a person who escaped enslavement by fleeing. Ancient Rome Rome differed from Greek city-states in allowing freed slaves to become plebeian citizens. The act of freeing a slave was called ''manumissio'', from ''manus'', "hand" (in the sense of holding or possessing something), and ''missio'', the act of releasing. After manumission, a slave who had belonged to a Roman citizen enjoyed not only passive freedom from ownership, but active political freedom ''(libertas)'', including the right to vote. A slave who had acquired ''libertas'' was known as a ''libertus'' ("freed person", feminine ''liberta'') in relation to his former master, who was called his or her patron ''( patronus)''. As a social class, fre ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Incorporation Of The Bill Of Rights
In United States constitutional law, incorporation is the doctrine by which portions of the United States Bill of Rights, Bill of Rights have been made applicable to the U.S. state, states. When the Bill of Rights was ratified, the courts held that its protections extended only to the actions of the Federal government of the United States, federal government and that the Bill of Rights did not place limitations on the authority of the State governments of the United States, states and their Local government in the United States, local governments. However, the post–American Civil War, Civil War era, beginning in 1865 with the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, Thirteenth Amendment, which declared the abolition of Slavery in the United States, slavery, gave rise to the incorporation of other amendments, applying more rights to the states and people over time. Gradually, various portions of the Bill of Rights have been held to be applicable to state and local ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ku Klux Klan
The Ku Klux Klan (), commonly shortened to KKK or Klan, is an American Protestant-led Christian terrorism, Christian extremist, white supremacist, Right-wing terrorism, far-right hate group. It was founded in 1865 during Reconstruction era, Reconstruction in the devastated South. Various historians have characterized the Klan as America's first Terrorism, terrorist group.Fergus Bordewich. (2023). ''Klan War: Ulysses S Grant and the Battle to Save Reconstruction''. Penguin Random House The group contains several organizations structured as a secret society, which have frequently resorted to terrorism, violence and acts of intimidation to impose their criteria and oppress their victims, most notably African Americans, Jews, and Catholics. A leader of one of these organizations is called a Grand Wizard, grand wizard, and there have been three distinct iterations with various other targets relative to time and place. The first Klan was established in the Reconstruction era for me ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
