Tansu Çiller
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Tansu Çiller
Tansu Çiller (; born 24 May 1946) is a Turkish academic, economist, and politician who served as the 22nd Prime Minister of Turkey from 1993 to 1996. She was Turkey's first and only female prime minister. As the leader of the True Path Party, she went on to concurrently serve as Deputy Prime Minister of Turkey and as Minister of Foreign Affairs between 1996 and 1997. As a Professor of Economics, Çiller was appointed Minister of State for the economy by Prime Minister Süleyman Demirel in 1991. When Demirel was elected as President in 1993, Çiller succeeded him as leader of the True Path Party and Prime Minister. Her premiership presided over the intensifying armed conflict between the Turkish Armed Forces and the PKK, resulting in Çiller's enacting numerous reforms to national defense. Her government was able to persuade the United States and the European Union to register the PKK as a terrorist organization. However, she was responsible for war crimes and crimes agains ...
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Prime Minister Of Turkey
The prime minister of Turkey, officially the prime minister of the Republic of Turkey (), was the head of government of the Turkey, Republic of Turkey from 1920 to 2018, who led a political coalition in the Grand National Assembly of Turkey, Turkish Parliament and presided over the Cabinet of Turkey, cabinet. Throughout the political history of Turkey, functions and powers of the post have changed occasionally. Prior to its dissolution as a result of the 2017 Turkish constitutional referendum, 2017 Constitutional Referendum, the holder of the premiership was generally the dominant figure in Turkish politics, outweighing the President of Turkey, president. Premiership in the Ottoman Era In the Ottoman Empire, the prime minister of the Ottoman sultan held the title of Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire, Grand Vizier (), though in the 19th century, some heads of government were appointed with the title Prime Minister, (). Starting in the 1830s, Grand Viziers began to minister cabi ...
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1995 Turkish General Election
General elections were held in Turkey on Sunday 24 December 1995, triggered by the newly re-established Republican People's Party's (CHP) withdrawal from a coalition government with the True Path Party (DYP). The coalition had been in government for four years, having been formed by the Social Democratic Populist Party (Turkey), Social Democratic Populist Party, the CHP's predecessor. The elections inaugurated a 550-member parliament, its largest membership. The religious Welfare Party (RP) had the largest membership but not a majority standing in the body. The Democratic Left Party (Turkey), Democratic Left Party (DSP) also made significant gains at the expense of the CHP, which barely crossed the election barrier. The election was also the first time an openly Kurdish party – the People's Democracy Party (Turkey), People's Democracy Party – contested. It was the leading party in several provinces, but won no seats due to failing to cross the 10% electoral threshold. Backgro ...
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Kurdish–Turkish Conflict (1978–present)
From 1978 until 2025, the Republic of Turkey was in an armed conflict with the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) ( Kurdish: ''Partiya Karkerên Kurdistanê'') as well as its allied insurgent groups, both Kurdish and non-Kurdish. The initial core demand of the PKK was its separation from Turkey to create an independent Kurdistan. Later on, the PKK abandoned separatism in favor of autonomy and/or greater political and cultural rights for Kurds inside the Republic of Turkey. Although the Kurdish-Turkish conflict had spread to many regions, most of the conflict took place in Northern Kurdistan, which corresponded with southeastern Turkey. The PKK's presence in Iraqi Kurdistan resulted in the Turkish Armed Forces carrying out frequent ground incursions and air and artillery strikes in the region, and its influence in Syrian Kurdistan led to similar activity there. The conflict costed the economy of Turkey an estimated $300 to 450 billion, mostly in military costs. It also had ...
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President Of Turkey
The president of Turkey, officially the president of the Republic of Türkiye (), is the head of state and head of government of Turkey. The president directs the executive branch of the national government and is the commander-in-chief of the Turkish military. The president also heads the National Security Council. The office of the president of Turkey was established with the proclamation of the Republic of Türkiye on 29 October 1923, with the first president and founder being Mustafa Kemal Atatürk. Traditionally, the presidency was mostly a ceremonial position, with real executive authority being exercised by the prime minister of Turkey. However, constitutional amendments approved in the 2017 constitutional referendum abolished the office of prime minister, and vested the presidency with full executive powers, effective upon the 2018 general election. The president is directly elected by eligible Turkish voters for a five-year term. The president of Turkey is referr ...
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1993 Turkish Presidential Election
Indirect presidential elections were held in Turkey in May 1993 to elect the country's ninth president, who would succeed Turgut Özal who had recently died. The candidate of DYP was Süleyman Demirel who was also supported by SHP. In the first and second rounds, the ruling party DYP was unsuccessful in electing its candidate, Süleyman Demirel. Finally, in the third round, Süleyman Demirel was elected as the ninth President of Turkey. Electoral system The presidential vote is held in parliament by secret ballot. A candidate requires a two-thirds majority - or 300 votes - to be elected in the first two rounds. If there is no clear winner before the third round, the winning threshold is dropped to a simple majority, or 226 votes. If there is still no winner, the two candidates with the most votes from the third round progress to a runoff election, where the simply majority rule still applies. In the event of no clear winner among the two, the Turkish constitution states that ...
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Economy Of Turkey
The economy of Turkey is an Emerging market, emerging free-market economy. It ranked as the List of countries by GDP (nominal), 16th-largest in the world and List of sovereign states in Europe by GDP (nominal), 7th-largest in Europe by nominal GDP in 2025. It also ranked as the List of countries by GDP (PPP), 12th-largest in the world and 5th-largest in Europe by purchasing power parity, PPP in 2025. Turkey's 2000s Turkish economic boom, rapid economic growth since the 2000s was stranded by the Turkish economic crisis (2018–current), economic crisis in 2018, but it began to recover in 2021. Turkey's United States dollar, USD-based nominal GDP per capita and GDP-PPP per capita have eventually reached their all-time peak values in 2024. Turkey is a founding member of the OECD and G20. Ratified in 1995, the European Union–Turkey Customs Union has established a European Union Customs Union, free trade area between Turkey and the European Union, which has increased bilateral foreig ...
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Minister Of State
Minister of state is a designation for a government minister, with varying meanings in different jurisdictions. In a number of European countries, the title is given as an honorific conferring a higher rank, often bestowed upon senior ministers. Conversely, in the United Kingdom and several other Commonwealth countries, "minister of state" is a junior rank, subordinate to a minister of higher rank. Finally, in other countries such as Australia, Brazil and Japan, all government ministers hold the title of "minister of state". High government ranks In several national traditions, the title "Minister of State" is reserved for government members of cabinet rank, often a formal distinction within it, or even its chief. *Brazil: Minister of State () is the title borne by all members of the Federal Cabinet. *Chile: Minister of State ( Spanish: ''Ministro de Estado'') is the title borne by all heads of the Ministries. *France: Under the Fifth Republic, Minister of State (''Ministre ...
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Ministry Of Foreign Affairs (Turkey)
The Ministry of Foreign Affairs () is the governmental body responsible for conducting foreign relations of the Turkey, Republic of Turkey. The Ministry is responsible for List of diplomatic missions of Turkey, Turkey's diplomatic missions abroad as well as providing support for Turkish citizens and promoting Culture of Turkey, Turkish culture. The ministry implements Turkish foreign policy in accordance with the country's national interests. Established on 2 May 1920, its primary duties are administering List of diplomatic missions of Turkey, diplomatic missions, negotiating international treaties and agreements, and representing the Republic of Turkey at the United Nations. The ministry is headquartered in the Turkish capital of Ankara and counts on more than 200 missions as embassies, permanent representation offices and consulates general, abroad. As of 2021, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs maintains 235 diplomatic posts worldwide. The current Minister of Foreign Affairs ...
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Turkish Women In Academics
Turkish women in academics refers to Turkish women who make scientific research or teach in the universities in Turkey and abroad. Background During the Ottoman Empire era women had no chance to teach in the universities except for the very last years of the empire when Committee of Union and Progress (İttihat ve Terakki Partisi) came to power. The first Turkish woman who was able to teach in Istanbul University (then known as Darülfunun) was Halide Edib (later Halide Edib Adıvar) in 1918. But Halide Edib chose to join the nationalist forces of Mustafa Kemal (later Atatürk) in Anatolia rather than to stay in Istanbul. During the Republican era the number of academics increased. Present situation During the opening ceremony of 4th International Congress of Women Rectors in 2010, Gülsün Sağlamer, the chairperson of the organization committee, said that the percentage of women professors in Turkey was 27% and this percentage was higher than most other countries. She added th ...
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Yale University
Yale University is a Private university, private Ivy League research university in New Haven, Connecticut, United States. Founded in 1701, Yale is the List of Colonial Colleges, third-oldest institution of higher education in the United States, and one of the nine colonial colleges chartered before the American Revolution. Yale was established as the Collegiate School in 1701 by Congregationalism in the United States, Congregationalist clergy of the Connecticut Colony. Originally restricted to instructing ministers in theology and sacred languages, the school's curriculum expanded, incorporating humanities and sciences by the time of the American Revolution. In the 19th century, the college expanded into graduate and professional instruction, awarding the first Doctor of Philosophy, PhD in the United States in 1861 and organizing as a university in 1887. Yale's faculty and student populations grew rapidly after 1890 due to the expansion of the physical campus and its scientif ...
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University Of Connecticut
The University of Connecticut (UConn) is a public land-grant research university system with its main campus in Storrs, Connecticut, United States. It was founded in 1881 as the Storrs Agricultural School, named after two benefactors. In 1893, the school became a public land grant college, then took its current name in 1939. Over the following decade, social work, nursing, and graduate programs were established. During the 1960s, UConn Health was established for new medical and dental schools. UConn is accredited by the New England Commission of Higher Education. With more than 32,000 students, the University of Connecticut is the largest university in Connecticut by enrollment. The university is classified among "R1: Doctoral Universities – Very high research activity". UConn is one of the founding institutions of the Hartford- Springfield regional economic and cultural partnership alliance known as New England's Knowledge Corridor. UConn was the second U.S. university i ...
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University Of New Hampshire
The University of New Hampshire (UNH) is a Public university, public Land-grant university, land-grant research university with its main campus in Durham, New Hampshire, United States. It was founded and incorporated in 1866 as a land grant college in Hanover, New Hampshire, Hanover, moved to Durham in 1893, and adopted its current name in 1923. The university's Durham campus comprises six colleges. A seventh college, the University of New Hampshire at Manchester, occupies the university's campus in Manchester, New Hampshire, Manchester. The University of New Hampshire School of Law is in Concord, New Hampshire, Concord, the state's capital. The university is part of the University System of New Hampshire and is Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education, classified among "R1: Doctoral Universities – Very high research activity". , its combined campuses made UNH the largest state university system in the state of New Hampshire, with over 15,000 students. It wa ...
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