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Trissolcus Basalis
''Trissolcus basalis'', or the green vegetable bug egg parasitoid, is a parasitoid wasp in the family Platygastridae known primarily for parasitising the horticultural pest ''Nezara viridula'', the green vegetable bug. Description Like other species of ''Trissolcus'', ''T. basalis'' is small (around 2mm long), mostly black in colour, and females have clubbed antennae. ''Trissolcus basalis'' can be separated from other nearctic ''Trissolcus'' species by the presence of coriaceous microsculpture on the mesoscutellum, pustulate setal bases, shallowly impressed episternal foveae on the mesopleuron, and an incomplete netrion sulcus. Life cycle ''Trissolcus basalis'' is a solitary endoparasitoid, completing development within the eggs of pentatomid bugs. Females use their clubbed-shape antennae to palpate eggs laid by their primary host, ''Nezara viridula''. When ready to oviposit, the female faces away from the egg and backs into it, inserting her ovipositor through the wall of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Platygastridae
The hymenopteran family Platygastridae (sometimes incorrectly spelled Platygasteridae) is a large group (over 4000 species) of exclusively parasitoid wasps, mostly very small (1–2 mm), black, and shining, with geniculate (elbowed) antennae that have an eight-segmented flagellum. The wings sometimes lack venation, though they may have slight fringes of setae. The traditional subfamilies are the Platygastrinae and the Sceliotrachelinae. The former subfamily includes some 40 genera, all of which are koinobionts on cecidomyiid flies; the wasp oviposits in the host's egg or early instar larva, and the wasp larva completes development when the host reaches the prepupal or pupal stage. The latter subfamily is much smaller, including some 20 genera, and they typically have the rudiments of a vein in the forewings. They are generally idiobionts, attacking the eggs of either beetles or Hemiptera. Platygastridae is one of seven extant families in the superfamily Platygastroid ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nezara Viridula
''Nezara viridula'', commonly known as the southern green stink bug (USA), southern green shield bug (UK) or green vegetable bug (Australia and New Zealand), is a plant-feeding stink bug. Believed to have originated in Ethiopia, it can now be found around the world.Squitier J.M. (1997, updated 2007) Southern green stink bug»Featured creatures, University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural services. Because of its preference for certain species of legumes, such as beans and soybeans, it is an economically important pest on such crops. Description The adult males can reach a body length (from front to elytral apex) of about , while females are bigger, reaching a size of about . The body is usually bright green and shield-shaped and the eyes are usually reddish, but they may also be black. There is a row of three white spots on the scutellum. They differ from the similar green stink bug (''Chinavia hilare'') by the shape of their scent gland openings, which are shor ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Trissolcus
''Trissolcus'' is a genus of parasitoid wasps in the family Platygastridae. There are at least 180 described species in ''Trissolcus''. They parasitize eggs of Pentatomorpha. Species These species belong to the genus ''Trissolcus'': * ''Trissolcus alpestris'' (Kieffer, 1909) * ''Trissolcus ancon'' Johnson, 1991 *''Trissolcus arctatus'' Johnson, 1991 * ''Trissolcus arminon'' (Walker, 1838) * '' Trissolcus asperlineatus'' (Mineo & Szabo, 1981) * ''Trissolcus barrowi'' (Dodd) * '' Trissolcus basalis'' (Wollaston, 1858) * ''Trissolcus belenus'' (Walker, 1836) * ''Trissolcus biroi'' (Szabo, 1965) * ''Trissolcus bodkini'' Crawford * '' Trissolcus brochymenae'' (Ashmead) * ''Trissolcus cantus'' Kozlov & Le, 1977 * '' Trissolcus carinifrons'' Cameron * '' Trissolcus choaspes'' (Nixon, 1939) * ''Trissolcus circus'' Kozlov & Le, 1976 * ''Trissolcus cirrosus'' Johnson, 1991 * ''Trissolcus cosmopeplae'' Gahan *'' Trissolcus crypticus'' Clarke, 1993 * '' Trissolcus cultratus'' Mayr * '' Tr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nearctic
The Nearctic realm is one of the eight biogeographic realms constituting the Earth's land surface. The Nearctic realm covers most of North America, including Greenland, Central Florida, and the highlands of Mexico. The parts of North America that are not in the Nearctic realm are Eastern Mexico, Southern Florida, coastal Central Florida, Central America, and the Caribbean islands, which, together with South America, are part of the Neotropical realm. Major ecological regions The World Wildlife Fund (WWF) divides the Nearctic into four bioregions, defined as "geographic clusters of ecoregions that may span several habitat types, but have strong biogeographic affinities, particularly at taxonomic levels higher than the species level (genus, family)." Canadian Shield The Canadian Shield bioregion extends across the northern portion of the continent, from the Aleutian Islands to Newfoundland. It includes the Nearctic's Arctic Tundra and Boreal forest ecoregions. In terms ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Endoparasitoid
In evolutionary ecology, a parasitoid is an organism that lives in close association with its host at the host's expense, eventually resulting in the death of the host. Parasitoidism is one of six major evolutionary strategies within parasitism, distinguished by the fatal prognosis for the host, which makes the strategy close to predation. Among parasitoids, strategies range from living inside the host (''endoparasitism''), allowing it to continue growing before emerging as an adult, to paralysing the host and living outside it (''ectoparasitism''). Hosts can include other parasitoids, resulting in hyperparasitism; in the case of oak galls, up to five levels of parasitism are possible. Some parasitoids influence their host's behaviour in ways that favour the propagation of the parasitoid. Parasitoids are found in a variety of taxa across the insect superorder Endopterygota, whose complete metamorphosis may have pre-adapted them for a split lifestyle, with parasitoid larv ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pentatomidae
Pentatomidae is a family of insects belonging to the order Hemiptera, generally called shield bugs or stink bugs. Pentatomidae is the largest family in the superfamily Pentatomoidea, and contains around 900 genera and over 4700 species.Robert G. Foottit, Peter H. Adler ''Insect Biodiversity: Science and Society'', John Wiley and Sons, 2009, As hemipterans, the pentatomids have piercing sucking mouthparts, and most are phytophagous, including several species which are severe pests on agricultural crops. However, some species, particularly in the subfamily Asopinae, are predatory and may be considered beneficial. Etymology The name "Pentatomidae" is from the Greek ''pente'' meaning "five" and ''tomos'' meaning "section", and refers to the five segments of their antennae. Pentatomids are generally called "shield bugs" in British English, or "stink bugs" in American English. However, the term shield bugs is also applied broadly to include several related families (e.g. Acant ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Antenna (biology)
Antennae ( antenna), sometimes referred to as "feelers", are paired appendages used for Sensory system, sensing in arthropods. Antennae are connected to the first one or two Segmentation (biology), segments of the arthropod head. They vary widely in form but are always made of one or more jointed segments. While they are typically sensory organs, the exact nature of what they sense and how they sense it is not the same in all groups. Functions may variously include sensing tactition, touch, air motion, heat, vibration (sound), and especially insect olfaction, smell or gustation, taste. Antennae are sometimes modified for other purposes, such as mating, brooding, swimming, and even anchoring the arthropod to a substrate (biology), substrate. Larval arthropods have antennae that differ from those of the adult. Many crustaceans, for example, have free-swimming larvae that use their antennae for swimming. Antennae can also locate other group members if the insect lives in a group, lik ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ovipositor
The ovipositor is a tube-like organ used by some animals, especially insects, for the laying of eggs. In insects, an ovipositor consists of a maximum of three pairs of appendages. The details and morphology of the ovipositor vary, but typically its form is adapted to functions such as preparing a place for the egg, transmitting the egg, and then placing it properly. For most insects, the organ is used merely to attach the egg to some surface, but for many parasitic species (primarily in wasps and other Hymenoptera), it is a piercing organ as well. Some ovipositors only retract partly when not in use, and the basal part that sticks out is known as the scape, or more specifically oviscape, the word ''scape'' deriving from the Latin word '' scāpus'', meaning "stalk" or "shaft". In insects Grasshoppers use their ovipositors to force a burrow into the earth to receive the eggs. Cicadas pierce the wood of twigs with their ovipositors to insert the eggs. Sawflies slit t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
New Zealand
New Zealand ( mi, Aotearoa ) is an island country in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. It consists of two main landmasses—the North Island () and the South Island ()—and over 700 List of islands of New Zealand, smaller islands. It is the List of island countries, sixth-largest island country by area, covering . New Zealand is about east of Australia across the Tasman Sea and south of the islands of New Caledonia, Fiji, and Tonga. The country's varied topography and sharp mountain peaks, including the Southern Alps, owe much to tectonic uplift and volcanic eruptions. New Zealand's Capital of New Zealand, capital city is Wellington, and its most populous city is Auckland. The islands of New Zealand were the last large habitable land to be settled by humans. Between about 1280 and 1350, Polynesians began to settle in the islands and then developed a distinctive Māori culture. In 1642, the Dutch explorer Abel Tasman became the first European to sight and record New Zealand. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Glaucias Amyoti
''Glaucias amyoti'', commonly called the Australasian green shield bug or New Zealand vegetable bug, is a species of shield bug found in Australia, New Zealand, Timor and New Guinea. Adults and juveniles feed off plants including certain ''Coprosma'', ''Griselinia'' and ''Myoporum ''Myoporum'' is a genus of flowering plants in the figwort family, Scrophulariaceae (formerly placed in Myoporaceae). There are 30 species in the genus, eighteen of which are endemic to Australia although others are endemic to Pacific Islands, in ...'' species. Description According to the original description, adults of ''G. amyoti'' are ovate in shape and green in colour. The dorsal surface is densely punctate, while the ventral surface is paler and very finely punctate. The edges of the thorax, hemelytra and abdomen are paler than the rest. The hemelytral membranes are transparent. The disc of the underside is yellowish. The legs are green. The rostrum is testaceous (a dull orange or brownish ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Monteithiella Humeralis
''Monteithiella humeralis'', commonly known as the pittosporum shield bug is a species of herbivorous shield bug native to Australia and introduced in New Zealand. As its common name suggests, it is most commonly observed feeding on ''Pittosporum'' plants. Description ''Monteithiella humeralis'' adults are 9mm long with predominantly brown bodies and pale green legs. First instar nymphs are small and black, with circular bodies and white spots on the upper surface of the abdomen. Later nymph stages are similar to the first but with orange spots instead of white. Life history Adult females lay blue eggs on the underside of leaves which turn white after 2–3 days, and hatch after 5 days. Nymphs progress through 5 instars or juvenile stages before reaching adulthood. It takes around 41 days after eggs are laid for bugs to mature to adulthood. In New Zealand, adults are most abundant in November and March. while eggs and nymphs can be found from November to April. Ecology In ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hyperparasite
A hyperparasite, also known as a metaparasite, is a parasite whose host, often an insect, is also a parasite, often specifically a parasitoid. Hyperparasites are found mainly among the wasp-waisted Apocrita within the Hymenoptera, and in two other insect orders, the Diptera (true flies) and Coleoptera (beetles). Seventeen families in Hymenoptera and a few species of Diptera and Coleoptera are hyperparasitic. Hyperparasitism developed from primary parasitism, which evolved in the Jurassic period in the Hymenoptera. Hyperparasitism intrigues entomologists because of its multidisciplinary relationship to evolution, ecology, behavior, biological control, taxonomy, and mathematical models. Examples The most common examples are insects that lay their eggs inside or near parasitoid larvae, which are themselves parasitizing the tissues of a host, again usually an insect larva. A well-studied case is that of the small white butterfly (''Pieris rapae''), a serious horticultural pest of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
