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Treaty Of Jaffa And Tell Ajul
The Treaty of Jaffa, sometimes the Treaty of Jaffa and Tall al-ʿAjūl, was an agreement signed on 18 February 1229 between Frederick II, Holy Roman emperor and king of Sicily, and al-Kāmil, Ayyubid sultan of Egypt. It brought an end to the Sixth Crusade, led by Frederick, by restoring the city of Jerusalem and a few other territories to the Kingdom of Jerusalem, whose king at the time was Frederick's infant son Conrad. Negotiations lasted from September 1228 to February 1229. The two sovereigns did not meet in person, but exchanged envoys in their respective camps, at first Acre for Frederick and Nablus for al-Kāmil, later Jaffa and Tall al-ʿAjūl. The negotiations were conducted mostly in secret to avoid bad publicity. They were accompanied by the exchange of gifts, entertainment and scholarship. Simultaneously, al-Kāmil negotiated with his brother al-Ashraf for a redistribution of Ayyubid lands in Asia. The text of the treaty is not preserved. Its terms are known only ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Friedrich II
Frederick II, Frederik II or Friedrich II may refer to: * Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor (1194–1250), King of Sicily from 1198; Holy Roman Emperor from 1220 * Frederick II of Denmark (1534–1588), king of Denmark and Norway 1559–1588 * Frederick II of Prussia (1712–1786), king 1740–1786, better known as Frederick the Great * Frederick II, Grand Duke of Baden (1857–1928) * Frederick II, Elector of Saxony (1412–1464) * Frederick II, Elector of Brandenburg (1413–1471), margrave 1440–1470 * Frederick II, Elector Palatine (1482–1556), elector 1544–1556 * Frederick II (Archbishop of Cologne) (1120–1158) * Frederick II, Duke of Upper Lorraine (995–1026), count of Bar and duke of Lorraine, co-reigning with his father from 1019 * Frederick II, Duke of Swabia (1090–1147) * Frederick II, Duke of Lorraine (died 1213) * Frederick II, Duke of Austria (died 1246), Duke of Austria 1230–1246 * Frederick II, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (1418–1478) * Frederick II, Du ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nazareth
Nazareth is the largest Cities in Israel, city in the Northern District (Israel), Northern District of Israel. In its population was . Known as "the Arab capital of Israel", Nazareth serves as a cultural, political, religious, economic and commercial center for the Arab citizens of Israel. The inhabitants are predominantly Arab citizens of Israel, of whom 69% are Muslim and 31% Christianity, Christian. The city also commands immense religious significance, deriving from its status as the hometown of Jesus, the central figure of Christianity and a prophet in Islam and the Baháʼí Faith. Findings unearthed in the neighboring Qafzeh Cave show that the area around Nazareth was populated in the prehistoric period. Nazareth was a Jews, Jewish village during the Roman Empire, Roman and Byzantine Empire, Byzantine periods, and is described in the New Testament as the childhood home of Jesus. It became an important city during the Crusades after Tancred, Prince of Galilee, Tancred ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Thomas I Of Aquino
Thomas I of Aquino (before 1210 – 27 February 1251), usually known as Thomas of Aquino, was Count of Acerra from 1220 and a follower of Holy Roman Emperor and King of Sicily, Frederick II. The son of Adenolfo d'Aquino, Thomas came from a noble family from Aquino which included the famous theologian Thomas Aquinas. Early life Thomas was a supporter of the young Frederick as King of Germany and fought against the emperor Otto IV, who invaded southern Italy in 1210. He was appointed Count of Acerra after Frederick's imperial coronation in 1220 at the same time that his cousin Landulf von Aquino, the father of the church scholar Thomas, was appointed legal advisor at Terra di Lavoro. In Capua, Thomas was entrusted with fighting the rebellious Thomas of Celano, Count of Molise, and the taking of Roccamandolfi. In January 1221 he was appointed the emperor's deputy in Apulia and Terra di Lavoro. In his new offices, Thomas immediately came into conflict with Honorius III when, in ac ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Berardo Di Castagna
Berard of Castagna ( – 8 September 1252) was a prelate and diplomat of the Kingdom of Sicily, who served as the archbishop of Bari (1207–1213) and archbishop of Palermo (1213–1252). Throughout his career he was a close ally of King Frederick II, who was also Holy Roman Emperor after 1220. He played a prominent role in the Sixth Crusade, both in the diplomatic preliminaries and in Frederick's visit to Jerusalem. Origins and early life Berard was born between about 1167 and 1177. His family and name came from Castagna in the Abruzzo. Contemporary documents give his surname as ''de Castanea'', but a 14th-century copy of the '' Breve chronicon de rebus Siculis'' calls him ''de Castaca'' and, until the 1970s, this was the name by which he was known to scholarship. It was a minor noble family in the orbit of the counts of Manoppello. It had branched out from the Abruzzo and had possessions in the Basilicata and Terra d'Otranto. In 1198, Berard was in the following of Counts Gent ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fakhr Al-Dīn Yūsuf Ibn Al-Shaykh
Fakhr al-Din ibn al-Shaykh (before 1211 – 8 February 1250) was an Egyptian emir of the Ayyubid dynasty. He served as a diplomat for sultan al-Kamil from 1226 to 1228 in his negotiations with the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II leading to the end of the Sixth Crusade. He later commanded forces during the Seventh Crusade, dying at the Battle of al-Mansura in 1250. First embassy Fakhr al-Din's ancestors came from Khorasan. His family was known as the Awlad al-Shaykh. His brothers were Imad al-Din and Mu'in al-Din. Fakhr al-Din's first appearance in the historical record is as a diplomat. In late 1220 or early 1221, al-Kamil sent him to his brother, al-Ashraf, then ruling from Sinjar, to request assistance against the army of the Fifth Crusade. The mission was a not a success. The Sixth Crusade In 1226, Fakhr al-Din was sent by sultan al-Kamil on a diplomatic mission to Sicily to the court of Frederick II, attempting to forestall the imminent Sixth Crusade, again hopi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
History Of The Patriarchs Of Alexandria
The ''History of the Patriarchs of Alexandria'' is a major historical work of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria. It is the only continuous narrative on the history of the Non-Chalcedonian Alexandrian Patriarchate. It is written in Coptic, but draws extensively on older biographical Greek and Coptic sources. It was ultimately compiled in the tenth century in Arabic by the Coptic bishop of Hermopolis, Severus Ibn al-Muqaffaʿ. History The earlier portions of the text are derived mainly from Eusebius and Coptic tradition. But from the 6th century onwards, the biographies grow longer and often seem to derive from documents written by eyewitnesses of the events recorded. The portion on the 6th century history of the Coptic patriarchs, as well as the Muslim conquest of Egypt, the biographies of Pope Benjamin I of Alexandria and his four successors until Pope Simeon I of Alexandria, are recorded by George the Archdeacon in the early eighth century. A vivid eyewitness account ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Al-Mu'azzam Isa
() (1176 – 1227) was the Ayyubid Kurdish emir of Damascus from 1218 to 1227. The son of Sultan al-Adil I and nephew of Saladin, founder of the dynasty, al-Mu'azzam was installed by his father as governor of Damascus in 1198 or 1200. After his father's death in 1218, al-Mu'azzam ruled the Ayyubid lands in Syria in his own name, down to his own death in 1227. He was succeeded by his son, an-Nasir Dawud. He was respected as a man of letters, and was interested in grammar and jurisprudence. By 1204, Jerusalem was his primary residence. Legacy He ordered and contributed to the construction and restoration of many buildings inside the (the Noble Sanctuary), Jerusalem: * Extending the Dome of the Rock terrace by 18 meters westward. * Two water-distribution structures: as a donor, not as a patron (one who ordered them built): ** 1210 or 1211: the Cistern of al-Muʿaẓẓam ʿĪsā, a water tank. ** 1216 or 1217: the Shaʿlān Sebil, a sebil (fountain). * 1217 or 1218: restorin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Al-Adil I
Al-Adil I (, in full al-Malik al-Adil Sayf ad-Din Abu-Bakr Ahmed ibn Najm ad-Din Ayyub, , "Ahmed, son of Najm ad-Din Ayyub, father of Bakr, the Just King, Sword of the Faith"; 1145 – 31 August 1218) was the fourth Sultan of Egypt and Syria, and brother of Saladin, who founded both the Sultanate of Egypt, and the Ayyubid dynasty. He was known to the Crusaders as Saphadin (derived from his ''laqab'' or honorific title Sayf ad-Din, meaning "Sword of Faith"), a name by which he is still known in the Western world. A gifted and effective administrator and organizer, Al-Adil provided crucial military and civilian support for the great campaigns of Saladin (an early example of a great minister of war). He was also a capable general and strategist in his own right, and was instrumental in the transformation of the decayed Fatimid Caliphate of Cairo into the Ayyubid Sultanate of Egypt. Early life Al-Adil was a son of Najm ad-Din Ayyub, he was member of Kurdish Ayyubid fami ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Damascus
Damascus ( , ; ) is the capital and List of largest cities in the Levant region by population, largest city of Syria. It is the oldest capital in the world and, according to some, the fourth Holiest sites in Islam, holiest city in Islam. Known colloquially in Syria as () and dubbed, poetically, the "City of Jasmine" ( ), Damascus is a major cultural center of the Levant and the Arab world. Situated in southwestern Syria, Damascus is the center of a large metropolitan area. Nestled among the eastern foothills of the Anti-Lebanon mountain range inland from the eastern shore of the Mediterranean on a plateau above sea level, Damascus experiences an arid climate because of the rain shadow effect. The Barada, Barada River flows through Damascus. Damascus is one of the List of oldest continuously inhabited cities, oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world. First settled in the 3rd millennium BC, it was chosen as the capital of the Umayyad Caliphate from 661 to 750. Afte ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cairo
Cairo ( ; , ) is the Capital city, capital and largest city of Egypt and the Cairo Governorate, being home to more than 10 million people. It is also part of the List of urban agglomerations in Africa, largest urban agglomeration in Africa, List of largest cities in the Arab world, the Arab world, and List of largest metropolitan areas of the Middle East, the Middle East. The Greater Cairo metropolitan area is List of largest cities, one of the largest in the world by population with over 22.1 million people. The area that would become Cairo was part of ancient Egypt, as the Giza pyramid complex and the ancient cities of Memphis, Egypt, Memphis and Heliopolis (ancient Egypt), Heliopolis are near-by. Located near the Nile Delta, the predecessor settlement was Fustat following the Muslim conquest of Egypt in 641 next to an existing ancient Roman empire, Roman fortress, Babylon Fortress, Babylon. Subsequently, Cairo was founded by the Fatimid Caliphate, Fatimid dynasty in 969. It ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
John Of Cicala
John of Cicala (died 1216) was the bishop of Cefalù from 1195 until his death. He owed his rise to his family's alliance with the Staufer. Although he flirted with pro-papal politics in his early years, he was generally a close ally of the Staufer kings Henry VI and Frederick II. He was entrusted with a diplomatic mission to the Ayyubid Sultanate in 1213. Family and election John was a younger son in the family of the lords of in the vicinity of Naples. His older brother was . His family supported the claims of Constance and her husband, Henry VI of Germany, to the throne of Sicily over those of Tancred of Lecce. They may have fought with the Germans at the siege of Naples in 1191. They certainly sided with Henry when he invaded the kingdom in 1194. Henry, in turn, pushed for the election of John as bishop as early as October 1194. In January 1195, following Henry's coronation as king of Sicily, John is recorded as bishop of Cefalù. He is significant as the first secular cleri ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fifth Crusade
The Fifth Crusade (September 1217 - August 29, 1221) was a campaign in a series of Crusades by Western Europeans to reacquire Jerusalem and the rest of the Holy Land by first conquering Egypt, ruled by the powerful Ayyubid sultanate, led by al-Adil, brother of Saladin. After the failure of the Fourth Crusade, Innocent III again called for a crusade, and began organizing Crusading armies led by Andrew II of Hungary and Leopold VI of Austria, soon to be joined by John of Brienne, titular King of Jerusalem. An initial campaign in late 1217 in Syria was inconclusive, and Andrew departed. A German army led by cleric Oliver of Paderborn, and a mixed army of Dutch, Flemish and Frisian soldiers led by William I of Holland, then joined the Crusade in Acre, with a goal of first conquering Egypt, viewed as the key to Jerusalem. There, cardinal Pelagius Galvani arrived as papal legate and ''de facto'' leader of the Crusade, supported by John of Brienne and the masters of the Templar ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
