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Trade Unions In Ethiopia
The trade unions of Ethiopia have a total membership of approximately 300,000. Over 203,000 are members of the Confederation of Ethiopian Trade Unions (CETU). Ethiopia has also ratified ILO conventions 29 (in 2003), 87 (1963), 98 (1963), 100 (1999), 105 (1999), 111 (1966), 138 (1999), and 182 (2003). History An organized labor movement came late to Ethiopia. This was due, in part, to the small size of its industrial working force (which was estimated to number 15,583 in 1957), but more importantly because the Ethiopian government viewed any type of organized protest as a form of insurrection.Edmond J. Keller, ''Revolutionary Ethiopia: From Empire to People's Republic'' (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1991), p. 147. Although the 1955 constitution guaranteed the right to form workers' associations, it was not until 1962 that the Ethiopian government issued the Labor Relations Decree, which authorized trade unions. In April 1963, the imperial authorities recognized ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Confederation Of Ethiopian Trade Unions
The Confederation of Ethiopian Trade Unions (CETU) is an alliance of trade unions in Ethiopia. As of March 2020, this group had 751,887 members. The CETU is affiliated with the World Federation of Trade Unions. The CETU has been described as being controlled by the government. CETU was founded in January 1977 as the ''All-Ethiopia Trade Union'' (AETU). The AETU changed its name in 1986, to the ''Ethiopian Trade Union'' (ETU), then again in 1993 to the CETU. In 2008, top management of the state-owned Bole Printing Enterprise disagreed with its trade union over worker compensation and unlawful termination. In late December a labor advisory board composed of state ministers, representatives of the employees, the CETU, and the management of Bole Printing found that both sides were at fault and called for employees terminated as a result of the dispute to be reinstated. The employees were expected to resume their duties. CETU held its 23rd regular assembly 10 March 2009. They celebra ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Wonji Sugar Plantation
Wenji Gefersa () a town in central Ethiopia. Located in the East Shewa Zone of the Oromia, it has a latitude and longitude of with an elevation of 1588 meters above sea level. Overview Local landmarks include the Wenji Ye'itkilt Wana Mesreya church and the Wonji Sugar Plantation, which covers about 7050 hectares of land. A paper mill was opened in Wenji Gefersa in 1970. In the latter part of August 1968, approximately 2,000-4,000 workers from the plantation marched to Addis Ababa in a labor protest; they were met by military fire and several workers were killed."Local History in Ethiopia" The Nordic Africa Institute website (accessed 19 November 2007) Demographics Based on figures from the |
Forestry In Ethiopia
__NOTOC__ In the late nineteenth century, about 30% of Ethiopia was covered with forest. The clearing of land for agricultural use and the cutting of trees for fuel gradually changed the scene, and today forest areas have dwindled to less than 4% of Ethiopia's total land. The northern parts of the highlands are almost devoid of trees. However, about 45,000 square kilometres of dense forest exist in the southern and southwestern sections of the highlands. Some of these include coniferous forests, found at elevations above 1,600 meters, but a majority of the forestland consists primarily of woodlands found in drier areas of the highlands and in the drier areas bordering the highlands.Wubne, Mulatu. "Forestry". A Country Study: Ethiopia' (Thomas P. Ofcansky and LaVerle Berry, eds.) Library of Congress Federal Research Division (1991). ''This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. Lumber from the coniferous forests is important to the construction ind ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Agriculture In Ethiopia
Agriculture in Ethiopia is the foundation of the country's economy, accounting for roughly a third of gross domestic product (GDP), 83% of exports, and 73% of total employment. Ethiopia's agriculture is plagued by periodic drought, soil degradation caused by overgrazing, deforestation, high levels of taxation and poor infrastructure (making it difficult and expensive to get goods to market). As 85% of Ethiopians rely primarily on land (agricultural and pastoralism) for their livelihoods and a quarter of the population lives below the national poverty line, land degradation is a major concern. Yet agriculture is the country's most promising resource. A potential exists for self-sufficiency in grains and for export development in livestock, grains, vegetables, and fruits. As many as 4.6 million people need food assistance annually. Agriculture accounts for 36% percent of the nation's Gross domestic Product (GDP) as of 2020. Many other economic activities depend on agriculture, in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Manufacturing In Ethiopia
Manufacturing in Ethiopia was, before 1957, dominated by cottage and handicraft industries which met most of the population's needs for manufactured goods such as clothes, ceramics, machine tools, and leather goods. Various factors – including the lack of basic infrastructure, the dearth of private and public investment, and the lack of any consistent public policy aimed at promoting industrial development – contributed to the insignificance of manufacturing. Five-year plans In 1957, Ethiopia initiated a series of five-year development plans. Throughout much of the 1960s and early 1970s, manufacturing activity increased as the government's five-year plans diversified the economy by encouraging agro-industrial activity and by substituting domestically produced goods for imported items. Thus, according to the World Bank, manufacturing production increased at an annual rate of 6.1 percent between 1965 and 1973. During the same period, agriculture grew at an annual 2.1 percent r ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Democratic Centralism
Democratic centralism is the organisational principle of most communist parties, in which decisions are made by a process of vigorous and open debate amongst party membership, and are subsequently binding upon all members of the party. The concept is mainly associated with Marxism–Leninism and how that governs a political or administrative group such as a party, wherein the party's political vanguard of revolutionaries practice democratic centralism to select leaders and officers, and determine and execute policy.Lenin, Vladimir (1906)"Report on the Unity Congress of the R.S.D.L.P." Marxists Internet Archive. Retrieved 14 February 2020. Democratic centralism has historically been associated with not only Marxist–Leninist but also |
All-Ethiopia Trade Union
The Confederation of Ethiopian Trade Unions (CETU) is an alliance of trade unions in Ethiopia. As of March 2020, this group had 751,887 members. The CETU is affiliated with the World Federation of Trade Unions The World Federation of Trade Unions (WFTU) is an international federation of trade union, trade unions established on October 3, 1945. Founded in the immediate aftermath of World War Two, the organization built on the pre-war legacy of the Int .... The CETU has been described as being controlled by the government. CETU was founded in January 1977 as the ''All-Ethiopia Trade Union'' (AETU). The AETU changed its name in 1986, to the ''Ethiopian Trade Union'' (ETU), then again in 1993 to the CETU. In 2008, top management of the state-owned Bole Printing Enterprise disagreed with its trade union over worker compensation and unlawful termination. In late December a labor advisory board composed of state ministers, representatives of the employees, the CETU, and the managem ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Martial Law
Martial law is the replacement of civilian government by military rule and the suspension of civilian legal processes for military powers. Martial law can continue for a specified amount of time, or indefinitely, and standard civil liberties may be suspended for as long as martial law continues. Most often, martial law is declared in times of war or emergencies such as civil unrest and natural disasters. Alternatively, martial law may be declared in instances of Coup d'état, military coups d'état. Overview Despite the fact that it has been declared frequently throughout history, martial law is still often described as largely elusive as a legal entity. References to martial law date back to 1628 England, when Matthew Hale (jurist), Sir Matthew Hale described martial law as, "no Law, but something indulged rather than allowed as a Law." Despite being centuries old, this quote remains true in many countries around the world today. Most often, the implementation of martial l ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Labor Rights
Labor rights or workers' rights are both legal rights and human rights relating to labor relations between workers and employers. These rights are codified in national and international labor and employment law. In general, these rights influence working conditions in the relations of employment. One of the most prominent is the right to freedom of association, otherwise known as the right to organize. Workers organized in trade unions exercise the right to collective bargaining to improve working conditions. Labor background Throughout history, workers claiming some sort of right have attempted to pursue their interests. During the Middle Ages, the Peasants' Revolt in England expressed demand for better wages and working conditions. One of the leaders of the revolt, John Ball (priest), John Ball, famously argued that people were born equal saying, "When Adam delved and Eve span, who was then the gentleman?" Laborers often appealed to traditional rights. For i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Addis Ababa
Addis Ababa (; ,) is the capital city of Ethiopia, as well as the regional state of Oromia. With an estimated population of 2,739,551 inhabitants as of the 2007 census, it is the largest city in the country and the List of cities in Africa by population, eleventh-largest in Africa. Addis Ababa is a highly developed and important cultural, artistic, financial and administrative center of Ethiopia. It is widely known as one of Africa's major capitals. The founding history of Addis Ababa dates back to the late 19th century by Menelik II, Negus of Shewa, in 1886 after finding Mount Entoto unpleasant two years prior. At the time, the city was a resort town; its large mineral spring abundance attracted nobilities of the empire and led them to establish permanent settlement. It also attracted many members of the working classes – including artisans and merchants – and foreign visitors. Menelik II then formed his Menelik Palace, imperial palace in 1887. Addis Ababa became the em ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Haile Selassie Of Ethiopia
Haile Selassie I (born Tafari Makonnen or '' Lij'' Tafari; 23 July 189227 August 1975) was Emperor of Ethiopia from 1930 to 1974. He rose to power as the Regent Plenipotentiary of Ethiopia (') under Empress Zewditu between 1916 and 1930. Widely considered to be a defining figure in modern Ethiopian history, he is accorded divine importance in Rastafari, an Abrahamic religion that emerged in the 1930s. A few years before he began his reign over the Ethiopian Empire, Selassie defeated Ethiopian army commander Ras Gugsa Welle Bitul, nephew of Empress Taytu Betul, at the Battle of Anchem. He belonged to the Solomonic dynasty, founded by Emperor Yekuno Amlak in 1270. Selassie, seeking to modernise Ethiopia, introduced political and social reforms including the 1931 constitution and the abolition of slavery in 1942. He led the empire during the Second Italo-Ethiopian War, and after its defeat was exiled to the United Kingdom. When the Italian occupation of East Africa began, h ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Derg
The Derg or Dergue (, ), officially the Provisional Military Administrative Council (PMAC), was the military junta that ruled Ethiopia, including present-day Eritrea, from 1974 to 1987, when they formally "Civil government, civilianized" the administration although remained in power until 1991. The Derg was established on 21 June 1974 as the Coordinating Committee of the Armed Forces, Police and Territorial Army, by junior and mid level officers of the Army of the Ethiopian Empire, Imperial Ethiopian Army and members of the Law enforcement in Ethiopia, police. The officers decided everything collectively at first, and selected Mengistu Haile Mariam to chair the proceedings. On 12 September 1974, the Derg 1974 Ethiopian coup d'état, overthrew the Government of the Ethiopian Empire, government of the Ethiopian Empire and Emperor Haile Selassie during nationwide mass protests, and three days later formally renamed itself the Provisional Military Administrative Council. In March ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
