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Tongzhi (term)
''Tongzhi'' is a form of style used in China that took on different meanings in the 20th century depending on context. It was first introduced into vernacular Chinese by Sun Yat-sen as a way of describing his followers. Following the establishment of the People's Republic of China (PRC), ''tongzhi'' was used to mean "comrade" in a communist sense: it was used to address almost everyone, male and female, young and old. In recent years, however, this meaning of the term has fallen out of common usage, except within Chinese Communist Party (CCP) discourse and among people of older generations. In contemporary Taiwan, Macau, and Hong Kong, the term mainly refers to LGBT people instead of the traditional political usage. In party politics It remains in use in a formal context among political parties in both mainland China and Taiwan. Within the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), categorizing a person as a comrade is especially significant for a person who has been denounced or demote ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Style (form Of Address)
Address terms are linguistic expressions used by a speaker to start conversation or call someone. George Yule defines address form as a word or phrase that is used for a person to whom speaker wants to talk. Address forms or address terms are socially oriented and expose the social relationship of interlocutors. Maloth explains "When we address a person we should use suitable term depending on the appropriate situation where we are in". Moreover social situations determine the use of a suitable address form for a person. A style of office, also called manner of reference, or form of address when someone is spoken to directly, is an official or legally recognized form of reference for a person or other entity (such as a government or company), and may often be used in conjunction with a personal title. A style, by tradition or law, precedes a reference to a person who holds a post or political office and is sometimes used to refer to the office itself. An honorific can also be aw ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Macau
Macau or Macao is a special administrative regions of China, special administrative region of the People's Republic of China (PRC). With a population of about people and a land area of , it is the most List of countries and dependencies by population density, densely populated region in the world. Formerly a Portuguese Empire, Portuguese colony, the territory of Portuguese Macau was first leased to Portugal by the Ming dynasty as a trading post in 1557. Portugal paid an annual rent and administered the territory under Chinese sovereignty until 1887, when Portugal gained perpetual colonial rights with the signing of the Sino-Portuguese Treaty of Peking. The colony remained under Portuguese rule until the 1999 handover to China. Macau is a Special administrative regions of China, special administrative region of China, which maintains separate governing and economic systems from those of mainland China under the principle of "one country, two systems".. The unique blend of Port ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1980s Neologisms
__NOTOC__ Year 198 (CXCVIII) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Sergius and Gallus (or, less frequently, year 951 ''Ab urbe condita''). The denomination 198 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Roman Empire *January 28 **Publius Septimius Geta, son of Septimius Severus, receives the title of Caesar. **Caracalla, son of Septimius Severus, is given the title of Augustus. China *Winter – Battle of Xiapi: The allied armies led by Cao Cao and Liu Bei defeat Lü Bu; afterward Cao Cao has him executed. By topic Religion * Marcus I succeeds Olympianus as Patriarch of Constantinople (until 211). Births * Lu Kai, Chinese official and general (d. 269) * Quan Cong, Chinese general and advisor (d. 249) Deaths * Li Jue, Chinese warlord and reg ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tovarishch (other)
Tovarishch, tovarisch or tovarish () is a Russian word meaning comrade, friend, colleague, or ally, and may refer to: Arts and entertainment * Tovaritch (1933 play), ''Tovaritch'' (1933 play), a 1933 play in French by Jacques Deval ** Tovaritch (film), ''Tovaritch'' (film), a 1935 French film based on the 1933 play ** Tovarich (1935 play), ''Tovarich'' (1935 play), a 1935 play in English by Robert E. Sherwood based on Deval's 1933 play *** Tovarich (film), ''Tovarich'' (film), a 1937 American film based on the Sherwood play *** Tovarich (musical), ''Tovarich'' (musical), a 1963 musical based on the 1935 play * ''Tovarich'', a comic strip by Antonio Prohías * Tovarishch (band), a Soviet Ukrainian band Other uses * Gorch Fock (1933), ''Gorch Fock'' (1933), a German three-mast barque used by the USSR under the name ''Tovarishch'' * Tovarishch (newspaper), ''Tovarishch'' (newspaper) (1906–1908), a daily paper published in St. Petersburg, Russia See also * Towarzysz, cavalry sol ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
LGBT Topics And Confucianism
The relationship between religion and homosexuality has varied greatly across time and place, within and between different religions and Religious denomination, denominations, with regard to different forms of homosexuality and bisexuality. The present-day doctrines of the world's major religions and their denominations differ in their attitudes toward these sexual orientations. Adherence to anti-gay religious beliefs and communities is correlated with the prevalence of emotional distress and suicidality in sexual minority individuals, and is a primary motivation for seeking conversion therapy. Among the religious denominations which generally reject these orientations, there are many different types of opposition, ranging from quietly discouraging homosexual activity, explicitly forbidding same-sex sexual practices among their adherents and actively opposing social acceptance of homosexuality, supporting criminal sanctions up to capital punishment, and even to condoning extraj ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Generation Gap
A generation gap or generational gap is a difference of opinions and outlooks between one generation and another. These differences may relate to beliefs, politics, language, work, demographics and values. The differences between generations can cause misunderstandings, but it is possible for generations to overcome their differences and maintain functional relationships. History John Protzko and Jonathan Schooler report that since 624 BC people have complained about the decline of the present generation of youth compared to earlier generations. They call this the "kids these days effect". Early sociologists such as Karl Mannheim noted differences across generations in how the youth transits into adulthood, and studied the ways in which generations separate themselves from one another, in the home and in social situations and areas (such as churches, clubs, senior centers, and youth centers). The sociological theory of a generation gap first came to light in the 1960s, when the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tongqi
''Tongqi'' are Chinese women who have married gay men. Similarly, ''tongfu'' () is the corresponding neologism for Chinese men who have married lesbian women. Liu Dalin, among the first sexologists in mainland China, estimated that 90% of gay men in China marry a heterosexual woman. By comparison, 15–20% of gay men married women in the United States as of 2010. Sexologist and sociologist Li Yinhe believes there are 20 million male homosexuals in China, of whom 80% marry women. Gay Chinese men are under social pressure to marry and produce a male heir to continue the family line, as Confucian writers such as Mencius have placed a strong emphasis on this. Until 2016, the one-child policy put additional pressure on these gay Chinese men to pass down their family name. Women are also forced into these relationships due to the fear of becoming leftover women, and also face pressure to start a family. Because ''tongqi'' often face such extreme difficulties, such as physical and emo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Taiwan Tongzhi Hotline Association
Taiwan Tongzhi Hotline Association (TTHA; ) is an organization that provides the LGBT community with peer counseling, support networks, and a community resource center. It is the first LGBT non-governmental organization (NGO) registered in Taiwan. TTHA was established in 1998 as a joint effort of four groups that focus on LGBT and gender issues, the Gay Counselors Association, Queer & Class, LGBT Civil Rights Alliance, and the Gay Teachers’ Alliance. The organization's current director-general is Yu Zhi-Yun (徐志雲). Services and activities TTHA's tasks focus on counseling, cultural events, and the protection of LGBT rights including: * Counseling on gender identity * Counseling for LGBT relationships * Counseling on gay rights issues * Providing LGBT-related resources * Hosting counseling and support groups for parents of LGBT children * Organizing and training volunteers * Providing safe sex education and HIV-prevention education * Hosting LGBT-inclusive workshops for ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Homosexuality In China
Homosexuality has been documented in China since ancient times. According to one study by Bret Hinsch, for some time after the fall of the Han dynasty, homosexuality was widely accepted in China but this has been disputed. Several early Chinese emperors are speculated to have had homosexual relationships accompanied by heterosexual ones. There exists a dispute among sinologists as to when negative views of homosexual relationships became prevalent among the general Chinese population, with some scholars arguing that it was common by the time of the Ming dynasty, established in the 14th century, following homophobia entrenched in the Mongol empire and the Yuan dynasty, and others arguing that anti-gay attitudes became entrenched during the Westernization efforts of the late Qing dynasty and the early Republic of China in the 19th and 20th centuries. For most of the 20th century homosexuality in China had been legal, except for a period between 1979 and 1997 where male anal sex wa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Heteronormative
Heteronormativity is the definition of heterosexuality as the normative human sexuality. It assumes the gender binary (i.e., that there are only two distinct, opposite genders) and that sexual and marital relations are most fitting between people of the opposite sex. Heteronormativity creates and upholds a social hierarchy based on sexual orientation with the practice and belief that heterosexuality is deemed as the societal norm. A heteronormative view, therefore, involves alignment of biological sex, sexuality, gender identity and gender roles. Heteronormativity has been linked to heterosexism and homophobia, and the effects of societal heteronormativity on lesbian, gay and bisexual individuals have been described as heterosexual or "straight" privilege. Etymology Michael Warner popularized the term in 1991, in one of the first major works of queer theory. The concept's roots are in Gayle Rubin's notion of the "sex/gender system" and Adrienne Rich's notion of compulso ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Taiwan Pride
Taiwan Pride () is the annual gay pride, LGBTQ pride pride parade, parade in Taiwan. The parade was first held in 2003. Although joined by groups from all over the country, the primary location has always been the capital city of Taipei. The parade held in October 2019 attracted more than 200,000 participants, making it the largest gay pride event in East Asia.Asia's biggest pride takes place Pink News, 31 October 2015 , Straits Times, 31 October 2009 As of 2019, it is the largest in Asia ahead of Tel Aviv Pride in Israel, which is the largest in the Middle Ea ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
LGBTQ+
LGBTQ people are individuals who are lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, or questioning. Many variants of the initialism are used; LGBTQIA+ people incorporates intersex, asexual, aromantic, agender, and other individuals. The group is generally conceived as broadly encompassing all individuals who are part of a sexual or gender minority, including all sexual orientations, romantic orientations, gender identities, and sex characteristics that are not heterosexual, heteroromantic, cisgender, or endosex, respectively. Scope and terminology A broad array of sexual and gender minority identities are usually included in who is considered LGBTQ. The term ''gender, sexual, and romantic minorities'' is sometimes used as an alternative umbrella term for this group. Groups that make up the larger group of LGBTQ people include: * People with a sexual orientation that is non-heterosexual, including lesbians, gay men, bisexual people, and asexual people * People who are ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
