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Theileria
''Theileria'' is a genus of parasites that belongs to the phylum Apicomplexa, and is closely related to ''Plasmodium''. Two ''Theileria'' species, ''T. annulata'' and ''T. parva'', are important cattle parasites. ''T. annulata'' causes tropical theileriosis and ''T. parva'' causes East Coast fever. ''Theileria'' species are transmitted by ticks. The genomes of ''T. orientalis'' Shintoku'', Theileria equi'' WA, ''Theileria annulata'' Ankara and ''Theileria parva'' Muguga have been sequenced and published. ''Theileria equi'' infects equid blood cells causing equine piroplasmosis. The disease presents with a variety of clinical conditions, such as fever, depression, jaundice, cramps, haemolytic anaemia, hemoglobinuria and even death, but asymptomatic infections are frequently observed. The most common vectors are the ticks ''Dermacentor nitens'' and ''Rhipicephalus microplus'' but ''Amblyomma cajennense'' was also implicated in the disease transmission. Vaccines against ''Theiler ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Theileria Parva
''Theileria parva'' is a species of parasites, named in honour of Arnold Theiler, that causes East Coast fever (theileriosis) in cattle, a costly disease in Africa. The main vector for ''T. parva'' is the tick ''Rhipicephalus appendiculatus''. Theiler found that East Coast fever was not the same as redwater, but caused by a different protozoan. Life cycle Sporozoites from the tick secrete into the feeding site of the animal. Sporozoites enter lymphoblasts to form a schizont. There is a clonal expansion of schizonts and then multiply by merging to form merozoites. The merozoites go into erythrocytes and invade the cells and are now in the piroplasm stage. When a tick ingests the piroplasms, the parasites undergo syngamy in the gut and can move to hemolymph. The motile kinetes can infect the salivary glands. From this, sporogony occurs to create sporozoites to continue the life cycle. In definitive host In the cattle host ''T. parva'' is an intracellular parasite. Hullinger et ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
East Coast Fever
East Coast fever, also known as theileriosis, is a disease of cattle which occurs in Africa and is caused by the protozoan parasite ''Theileria parva''. The primary Vector (epidemiology), vector which spreads ''T. parva'' between cattle is a tick, ''Rhipicephalus appendiculatus''. East Coast fever is of major economic importance to livestock farmers in Africa, killing at least one million cattle each year. The disease occurs in Burundi, Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Rwanda, South Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Zimbabwe, Zambia. In 2003, East Coast fever was introduced to Comoros by cattle imported from Tanzania. It has been eradicated in South Africa. A more acute form of East Coast fever called corridor disease occurs when African buffalo, buffalo-derived ''T. parva'' is transmitted to cattle. Another form, called January disease, only occurs over the winter months in Zimbabwe due to the tick lifecycle. Native cattle are often resistant to the parasite, bu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tropical Theileriosis
Tropical theileriosis or Mediterranean theileriosis is a theileriosis of cattle from the Mediterranean and Middle East area, from Morocco to Western parts of India and China. It is a tick-borne disease, caused by ''Theileria annulata''. The vectors are ticks of the genera ''Hyalomma'' and '' Rhipicephalus''. The most prominent symptoms are fever and lymph node enlargement. But there is a wide range of clinical manifestations, especially in enzootic areas. Among them, the Doukkala area of Morocco, where the epidemiology and symptomatology of the disease were minutely studied. AGRIS iFR2002001447 The disease was once considered as "benign" in the literature, in comparison to East Coast fever. With the introduction of European breeds into the region, however, it could become of major economic incidence.With mortalities up to 50 to 80 percent in the 1980sL. Mahin. An efficient treatment with parvaquone, then buparvaquone became available in many countries from the mid-1990s. Ani ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Equine Piroplasmosis
Babesiosis or piroplasmosis is a malaria-like parasitic disease caused by infection with a eukaryotic parasite in the order Piroplasmida, typically a ''Babesia'' or ''Theileria'', in the phylum Apicomplexa. Human babesiosis transmission via tick bite is most common in the Northeastern and Midwestern United States and parts of Europe, and sporadic throughout the rest of the world. It occurs in warm weather. People can get infected with ''Babesia'' parasites by the bite of an infected tick, by getting a blood transfusion from an infected donor of blood products, or by congenital transmission (an infected mother to her baby). Ticks transmit the human strain of babesiosis, so it often presents with other tick-borne illnesses such as Lyme disease. After trypanosomes, ''Babesia'' is thought to be the second-most common blood parasite of mammals. They can have major adverse effects on the health of domestic animals in areas without severe winters. In cattle, the disease is known as ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Theileria Microti
''Babesia microti'' is a parasitic blood-borne piroplasm transmitted by deer ticks. ''B. microti'' is responsible for the disease babesiosis, a malaria-like zoonosis which causes fever, hemolytic anemia caused by hemolysis, and enlarged spleen. Lifecycle The lifecycle of ''B. microti'' includes two hosts: a vertebrate and an arthropod, the deer tick. When the tick bites a vertebrate, ''B. microti'' can be transmitted as sporozoites into the vertebrate host. The parasite starts infecting red blood cells, where it digests hemoglobin for amino acids. After this, ''B. microti'' undergoes asexual reproduction and differentiation to male and female gametocytes. These are then ingested by the arthropod host and ''B. microti'' gametes undergo a sporogonic cycle (sexual reproduction), where new sporozoites are made. The cycle begins again when the tick bites a new vertebrate host. ''B. microti's'' usual vertebrate hosts include domesticated animals, such as cattle, dogs, and rats, and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Buparvaquone
Buparvaquone is a naphthoquinone antiprotozoal drug related to atovaquone. It is a promising compound for the therapy and prophylaxis of all forms of theileriosis. Buparvaquone has been shown to have anti-leishmanial activity ''in vitro''. It can be used to treat bovine East Coast fever protozoa ''in vitro'', along with the only other substance known – ''Peganum harmala''. It is the only really effective commercial therapeutic product against bovine theileriosis, where it has been used since the late 1980s. Industrial production It was first produced in Great Britain, then in Germany. Its patent expired in the mid-2000s, and was then produced in different countries such as India and Iran. Use in bovine theileriosis Using a single dose of 2.5 mg/kg, the recovery rate of curable cases is 90 to 98%. In tropical theileriosis, a dosage of 2.0 mg/kg has the same efficacy. Body temperature returns to normal in two to five days. Parasitemia lowers from 12% on day 0 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Apicomplexa
The Apicomplexa (also called Apicomplexia; single: apicomplexan) are organisms of a large phylum of mainly parasitic alveolates. Most possess a unique form of organelle structure that comprises a type of non-photosynthetic plastid called an apicoplastwith an apical complex membrane. The organelle's apical shape is an adaptation that the apicomplexan applies in penetrating a host cell. The Apicomplexa are unicellular and spore-forming. Most are obligate endoparasites of animals, except '' Nephromyces'', a symbiont in marine animals, originally classified as a chytrid fungus, and the Chromerida, some of which are photosynthetic partners of corals. Motile structures such as flagella or pseudopods are present only in certain gamete stages. The Apicomplexa are a diverse group that includes organisms such as the coccidia, gregarines, piroplasms, haemogregarines, and plasmodia. Diseases caused by Apicomplexa include: * Babesiosis ('' Babesia'') * Malaria (''Plasmodium'') * Cr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
