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The Case Of Paul Peacher
During the height of the Great Depression, Paul Peacher, a sheriff and farmer from Earle, Arkansas, was convicted of enslaving eight African American men to work on his land. For this crime, Peacher lost his title as Sheriff and was sentenced to two years probation. He also had to pay a $3,500 fine, partially paid by the townspeople in Earle. Background While the 13th Amendment banned slavery, African Americans who were convicted of crimes were forced to work through the peonage system. Peonage was ubiquitous in slavery states, targeting formerly enslaved people through the Post-Civil War Black Codes. The codes highlighted a wide variety of crimes, such as "all offenses against Religion, Chastity, Morality and Decency." The most common was "vagrancy", which directly targeted formerly enslaved people who were often unable to pay their fines. This created a profitable convict-lease system, especially in southern states, which sold criminals to the highest bidder. These suspected crim ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Great Depression
The Great Depression was a severe global economic downturn from 1929 to 1939. The period was characterized by high rates of unemployment and poverty, drastic reductions in industrial production and international trade, and widespread bank and business failures around the world. The economic contagion began in 1929 in the United States, the largest economy in the world, with the devastating Wall Street stock market crash of October 1929 often considered the beginning of the Depression. Among the countries with the most unemployed were the U.S., the United Kingdom, and Weimar Republic, Germany. The Depression was preceded by a period of industrial growth and social development known as the "Roaring Twenties". Much of the profit generated by the boom was invested in speculation, such as on the stock market, contributing to growing Wealth inequality in the United States, wealth inequality. Banks were subject to laissez-faire, minimal regulation, resulting in loose lending and wides ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Earle, Arkansas
Earle is a city in Crittenden County, Arkansas, Crittenden County, Arkansas, United States. Per the 2020 United States census, 2020 census, the population was 1,831. Geography Earle is located in western Crittenden County. U.S. Route 64 passes through the northern part of the city, bypassing the downtown area. US 64 leads west to Wynne, Arkansas, Wynne and east to Memphis, Tennessee. Earle has a total area of , all land. History Early history The city of Earle originally started as two neighboring communities started in the 1860s, Earle and Norvell. Norvell was originally settled in July 1872 by local doctor James Throgmorton. Earle was a train stop established in the late 1880s on land owned by Josiah Francis Earle, a former Confederate States Army, Confederate soldier and Ku Klux Klan, Klansman. The train stop was established after his death in 1884. Reconstruction period In 1888, a branch of the St. Louis, Iron Mountain and Southern Railway, St. Louis, Iron Mountain, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Thirteenth Amendment To The United States Constitution
The Thirteenth Amendment (Amendment XIII) to the United States Constitution abolished Slavery in the United States, slavery and involuntary servitude, except Penal labor in the United States, as punishment for a crime. The amendment was passed by the Senate on April 8, 1864, by the House of Representatives on January 31, 1865, and ratified by the required 27 of the then 36 U.S. state, states on December 6, 1865, and proclaimed on December 18. It was the first of the three Reconstruction Amendments adopted following the American Civil War. President Abraham Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation, effective on January 1, 1863, declared that the enslaved in Confederate-controlled areas (and thus almost all slaves) were free. When they escaped to Union lines or federal forces (including now-former slaves) advanced south, emancipation occurred without any compensation to the former owners. Texas was the last Confederate slave state, where enforcement of the proclamation was Juneteenth, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Peon
Peon (English language, English , from the Spanish language, Spanish ''wikt:peón#Spanish, peón'' ) usually refers to a person subject to peonage: any form of wage labor, financial exploitation, coercive economic practice, or policy in which the victim or a laborer (peon) has little control over employment or economic conditions. Peon and peonage can refer to both the History of Latin America#Colonial Era, colonial period and post-colonial period of Latin America, as well as the period after the end of slavery in the United States, when "Black Codes (United States), Black Codes" were passed to retain African-American freedmen as labor through other means. Usage In English, ''peon'' (Doublet (linguistics), doublet of ''Pawn (chess), pawn'') and ''peonage'' have meanings related to their Spanish etymology (foot soldier); a ''peon'' may be defined as a person with little authority, often assigned unskilled tasks; an underling or any person subjected to capricious or unreasonable R ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Black Codes (United States)
The Black Codes, also called the Black Laws, were racially discriminatory U.S. state laws that limited the freedom of Black Americans but not of White Americans. The first Black Codes applied to " free Negroes," i.e., black people who lived in states where slavery had been abolished or who lived in a slave state but were not enslaved. After chattel slavery was abolished throughout the United States in 1865, former slave states in the U.S. South enacted Black Codes to restrict all black citizens, especially the emancipated freedmen who were no longer subject to control by slaveholders. Since the colonial period, colonies and states had passed laws that discriminated against free Blacks. In the South, these were generally included in " slave codes"; the goal was to suppress the influence of free blacks (particularly after slave rebellions) because of their potential influence on slaves. Free men of color were denied the vote in the North Carolina Constitutional Convention ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Clarksville, Tennessee
Clarksville is a city in Montgomery County, Tennessee, United States, and its county seat. The city had a population of 166,722 as of the 2020 United States census, 2020 census, making it the List of municipalities in Tennessee, fifth-most populous city in Tennessee. It is the principal city of the Clarksville metropolitan area, which consists of Montgomery County, Tennessee, Montgomery and Stewart County, Tennessee, Stewart counties in Tennessee and Christian County, Kentucky, Christian and Trigg County, Kentucky, Trigg counties in Kentucky. The city was founded in 1785 and incorporated in 1807, and named for General George Rogers Clark, frontier fighter and American Revolutionary War, Revolutionary War hero, and brother of William Clark (explorer), William Clark of the Lewis and Clark Expedition. Clarksville is the home of Austin Peay State University; ''The Leaf-Chronicle'', the oldest newspaper in Tennessee; and neighbor to the Fort Campbell, Kentucky, Fort Campbell, United S ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Southern Tenant Farmers Union
The Southern Tenant Farmers Union (STFU), later known as the National Farm Labor Union, the National Agricultural Workers Union, and the Agricultural and Allied Workers Union, was founded as a civil farmer's trade union, union to organize tenant farmers in the Southern United States. Many such tenant farmer sharecroppers were Black descendants of former slaves. Originally set up in July 1934 during the Great Depression, the STFU was founded to help sharecroppers and tenant farmers get better arrangements from landowners. They were eager to improve their share of profit or subsidies and labour (economics), working conditions. The STFU was established as a response to policies of the Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA). Part of the New Deal, the AAA was a program to reduce production in order to increase prices of commodities; landowners were paid subsidies, which they were supposed to pass on to their tenants. The program was designed by President of the United States, P ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Yale University
Yale University is a Private university, private Ivy League research university in New Haven, Connecticut, United States. Founded in 1701, Yale is the List of Colonial Colleges, third-oldest institution of higher education in the United States, and one of the nine colonial colleges chartered before the American Revolution. Yale was established as the Collegiate School in 1701 by Congregationalism in the United States, Congregationalist clergy of the Connecticut Colony. Originally restricted to instructing ministers in theology and sacred languages, the school's curriculum expanded, incorporating humanities and sciences by the time of the American Revolution. In the 19th century, the college expanded into graduate and professional instruction, awarding the first Doctor of Philosophy, PhD in the United States in 1861 and organizing as a university in 1887. Yale's faculty and student populations grew rapidly after 1890 due to the expansion of the physical campus and its scientif ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Little Rock, Arkansas
Little Rock is the List of capitals in the United States, capital and List of municipalities in Arkansas, most populous city of the U.S. state of Arkansas. The city's population was 202,591 as of the 2020 census. The six-county Central Arkansas, Little Rock metropolitan area is the Metropolitan statistical area, 81st-most populous in the United States with 748,031 residents according to the 2020 census. As the county seat of Pulaski County, Arkansas, Pulaski County, the city was incorporated on November 7, 1831, on the south bank of the Arkansas River close to the state's geographic center in Central Arkansas. The city derived its name from a rock formation along the river, named The Little Rock, the "Little Rock" by the French explorer Jean-Baptiste Bénard de la Harpe in 1722. The capital of the Arkansas Territory was moved to Little Rock from Arkansas Post, Arkansas, Arkansas Post in 1821. Little Rock is a cultural, economic, government, and transportation center within A ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Slavery In The United States
The legal institution of human chattel slavery, comprising the enslavement primarily of List of ethnic groups of Africa, Africans and African Americans, was prevalent in the United States of America from its founding in 1776 until 1865, predominantly in the Southern United States, South. Slavery was established throughout European colonization in the Americas. From 1526, during the early Slavery in the colonial history of the United States, colonial period, it was practiced in what became British America, Britain's colonies, including the Thirteen Colonies that formed the United States. Under the law, an enslaved person was treated as property that could be bought, sold, or given away. Slavery lasted in about half of U.S. states until Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, abolition in 1865, and issues concerning slavery seeped into every aspect of national politics, economics, and social custom. In the decades after the end of Reconstruction era, Recons ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
