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Termination Rates
In telephony, the termination rate is one of the three components in the cost of providing telephone service, and the one subject to the most variation. Components On every long-distance call in the United States, the customer pays for: * Origination (dial tone service): connecting the call from the originating customer's equipment to a telephone company central office or exchange). In the era of wired local telephone service (slowly coming to an end with the ubiquity of cell service, starting in the 2010s) this was usually provided by a single company in each locality. * The transportation of the signal (the call) to another telephone company office near the recipient of the call. * Termination, completing the call from the receiving company central office to the receiving subscriber's equipment. Historically, each of these steps could be carried out via a separate company, and the toll paid by the originating (or in some cases the receiving) caller would be split among t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Telephony
Telephony ( ) is the field of technology involving the development, application, and deployment of telecommunications services for the purpose of electronic transmission of voice, fax, or data, between distant parties. The history of telephony is intimately linked to the invention and development of the telephone. Telephony is commonly referred to as the construction or operation of telephones and telephonic systems and as a system of telecommunications in which telephonic equipment is employed in the transmission of speech or other sound between points, with or without the use of wires. The term is also used frequently to refer to computer hardware, software, and computer network systems, that perform functions traditionally performed by telephone equipment. In this context the technology is specifically referred to as Internet telephony, or voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP). Overview The first telephones were connected directly in pairs: each user had a separate telephone wire ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Digital Radio
Digital radio is the use of digital technology to transmit or receive across the radio spectrum. Digital transmission by radio waves includes digital broadcasting, and especially digital audio radio services. This should not be confused with Internet radio which also is digital but not transmitted by radio waves in the radio spectrum. Types In digital broadcasting systems, the analog audio signal is digitized, compressed using an audio coding format such as AAC+ ( MDCT) or MP2, and transmitted using a digital modulation scheme. The aim is to increase the number of radio programs in a given spectrum, to improve the audio quality, to eliminate fading problems in mobile environments, to allow additional datacasting services, and to decrease the transmission power or the number of transmitters required to cover a region. However, analog radio (AM and FM) is still more popular and listening to radio over IP (Internet Protocol) is growing in popularity. In 2012, four dig ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Federal Network Agency
The Federal Network Agency ( or ) is the German regulatory office for electricity, gas, telecommunications, post and railway markets. It is a federal agency of the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Climate Action and headquartered in Bonn, Germany. Responsibilities Telecommunications In telecommunications, the agency has the authority over the German telephone numbering plan and other technical number assignments. It also regulates the telecommunication market, including termination fees and open access to subscriber lines and licenses telephone companies. In radio communications, the Agency manages the radio frequency spectrum, licenses broadcasting transmitters and detects radio interferences. Licensing radio and TV stations (that is, content providers), however, is the task of State authorities. It is also a root certificate authority for qualified signatures according to the German Signature Act. Postal services The Agency's responsibility in the post m ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Federal Telecommunications Institute
The Federal Telecommunications Institute (Spanish Language, Spanish: ''Instituto Federal de Telecomunicaciones''; abbreviated as IFT and incorrectly referred to as IFETEL, Tzeltal language, Tzeltal: ''Snaul jtsob a’telelil Sk’asesojibal k’op Ayejetik ta ch’ajantak’inetik'', Qʼeqchiʼ language, Q’eqchi: ''Rochochil li Xna’ li K´iila Puktesib´aal'', Ixcatlán Mazatec: ''Ndo̱bo̱a̱ Xtitjón xi chji̱a̱ni ni xi tsꞌentsójó eén'', Kiliwa language, Kiliwa: ''Pakutiy tuchatu te-e ñam pjkai'', Chuj language, Chuj: ''Instituto Yik yajal k’en Alumel ab’ix'') is an independent government agency of Mexico charged with the regulation of telecommunications and broadcasting services. It was formed on September 10, 2013, as part of larger reforms to Mexican telecom regulations, and replaced the Federal Commission of Telecommunications (Mexico), Federal Telecommunications Commission (Cofetel). The current president of the IFT is Gabriel Oswaldo Contreras Saldívar. Hi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Telnor
Telnor, or Teléfonos del Noroeste ("Telephones of the Northwest") is a company providing telephone and internet services since 1981 (DSL through Prodigy and E1). It operates in the Mexican states of Baja California and part of the northwest of Sonora, It is part of América Móvil Telecom, which is owned by billionaire Carlos Slim. See also * Telmex Teléfonos de México, S.A.B. de C.V., known as Telmex is a Mexican telecommunications company headquartered in Mexico City that provides telecommunications products and services in Mexico. In 2014, Telmex was the dominant fixed-line phone carri ... - sister telephone company within Grupo Carso * Axtel - competition in the local telephone market * Prodigy - its provider of DSL service External linksTelnor official website(in Spanish) Telecommunications companies established in 1981 Mobile phone companies of Mexico {{mexico-company-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Telmex
Teléfonos de México, S.A.B. de C.V., known as Telmex is a Mexican telecommunications company headquartered in Mexico City that provides telecommunications products and services in Mexico. In 2014, Telmex was the dominant fixed-line phone carrier in Mexico. In addition to traditional Landline, fixed-line telephone service, Telmex offers Internet access through their :es:Infinitum, Infinitum brand of Wi-Fi, Wi-Fi networks, data, hosted services and IT services. Telmex owns 90 percent of the telephone lines in Mexico City and 80 percent of the lines in the country. Telmex is a wholly owned subsidiary of América Móvil. History Telmex was founded in Mexico the , when a group of Mexican investors bought Swedish Ericsson's Mexican branch. In 1950, the same investors bought the Mexican branch of the ITT Corporation, thus becoming the only telephone provider in the country. In 1972, the Federal government of Mexico, Mexican government bought the company. In 1990, Telmex was bought ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Telcel
RADIOMÓVIL DIPSA, S.A. DE C.V., doing business as Telcel, is a Mexican wireless telecommunications company, owned by América Móvil, founded in 1984 and based in Mexico City. Telcel holds concessions to operate a wireless network in all nine geographic regions in Mexico using both the 850 megahertz and 1900 megahertz radio spectrum. History In June 1926, the company Publicidad Turística S.A. was founded, as a subsidiary of Telmex, Teléfonos de México. Its main activity was the commercialization of phone directories (white section and Yellow Section). In September 1954, he changed his company name to that of "Professional Directories" (DIPSA), since he began to specialize in the edition of the blue directory by streets, construction directory, tourism and others. During the same year and due to the modernization of telecommunications, Teléfonos de México integrates DIPSA in the administration of Mobile Radiotelephony. In 1981, the Secretariat of Communications and Tran ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
América Móvil
América Móvil, S.A.B. de C.V. is a Mexican telecommunications corporation headquartered in Mexico City, Mexico. It is the 7th largest mobile network operator in the world in terms of equity subscribers, as well as one of the largest corporations in the world. América Móvil is a Forbes Global 2000 company. As of 31 December 2023, América Móvil had 310.1 million wireless subscribers, and 73.7 million fixed revenue generating units ("RGUs", consisting of fixed voice, fixed data and Pay TV units). History América Móvil was created when Telmex spun off its wireless mobile activities from its landline and internet activities. The company was founded in late 2000, while company shares were delivered to Telmex shareholders early the following year. On 15 November 2005, the company signed an international pact with Ooredoo to jointly deliver various international services. In 2006, América Móvil made a bid to acquire Verizon's Latin American and Caribbean operations and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Voice Over IP
Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP), also known as IP telephony, is a set of technologies used primarily for voice communication sessions over Internet Protocol (IP) networks, such as the Internet. VoIP enables voice calls to be transmitted as data packets, facilitating various methods of voice communication, including traditional applications like Skype, Microsoft Teams, Google Voice, and VoIP phones. Regular telephones can also be used for VoIP by connecting them to the Internet via analog telephone adapters (ATAs), which convert traditional telephone signals into digital data packets that can be transmitted over IP networks. The broader terms Internet telephony, broadband telephony, and broadband phone service specifically refer to the delivery of voice and other communication services, such as fax, SMS, and voice messaging, over the Internet, in contrast to the traditional public switched telephone network (PSTN), commonly known as plain old telephone service (POTS) ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Survivorship Bias
Survivorship bias or survival bias is the logical error of concentrating on entities that passed a selection process while overlooking those that did not. This can lead to incorrect conclusions because of incomplete data. Survivorship bias is a form of sampling bias that can lead to overly optimistic beliefs because multiple failures are overlooked, such as when companies that no longer exist are excluded from analyses of financial performance. It can also lead to the false belief that the successes in a group have some special property, rather than just coincidence as in Correlation does not equal causation, correlation "proves" causality. As a general experimental flaw The parapsychology researcher Joseph Banks Rhine believed he had identified the few individuals from hundreds of potential subjects who had powers of extra-sensory perception (ESP). His calculations were based on the improbability of these few subjects guessing the Zener cards shown to a partner by chance. A ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Communications And Information Technology Commission
The Communications, Space and Technology Commission (CST; , Hai'at al-Ittisalat wa Tiqniyyat al-Ma`lumat) is a Saudi government entity with legal status and financial and administrative independence, it regulates telecommunications, Space, technology sectors, and digital content platforms, as well as manages the radio frequency spectrum in Saudi Arabia. CST Background The Commission is linked to the history of telecommunications services in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, where in the year 1418 AH (1997/1998), telecommunications services were transferred from the Ministry of Post, Telegraph and Telephone to Saudi Telecom Company, and prepare the commission's by laws Between the year 1421 and 1422 AH (2000/2001 and 2001/2002), the regulatory frameworks in Saudi Arabia were developed. The Telecommunications Act was issued, and the Communications commission was established with a legal status and financial and administrative independence after the Cabinet decree No. 74 in 5/3/1422 A ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
LRIC
LRIC or LRAIC (the distinction between the two is presented below) is an abbreviation for "long-run average incremental cost". A LRIC model is often used in telecommunications regulation to determine the price paid by competitors for services provided by an operator with significant market power, usually the incumbent (former monopoly). Components Each of LRIC's components is analysed below. Long run Long run implies that all inputs are considered variable. In other words, even capital equipment can vary in response to a change in demand. Average LRAIC can be defined as including all the costs of services provided within an increment. In the context of telecommunications, LRAIC has often been used to set interconnection charges with the increments usually defined as the whole group of services using the core network. These services (PSTN The public switched telephone network (PSTN) is the aggregate of the world's telephone networks that are operated by national, regional, or lo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
