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Tax On Childlessness
The tax on childlessness () was a natalist policy imposed in the Soviet Union and other Communist countries, starting in the 1940s. Joseph Stalin's regime created the tax in order to encourage adult people to reproduce, thus increasing the number of people and the population of the Soviet Union. The 6% income tax affected men from the age of 25 to 50, and married women from 20 to 45 years of age. The tax remained in place until the collapse of the Soviet Union, though by the end of the Soviet Union, the amount of money which could be taxed was steadily reduced. Minister of Health Mikhail Zurabov and Deputy Chairman of the State Duma Committee for Health Protection Nikolai Gerasimenko proposed reinstating the tax in Russia in 2006, but so far it has not been reinstated. Soviet Union As originally passed and enforced from 1941 to 1990, the tax affected most childless men from 25 to 50 years of age, and most childless married women from 20 to 45 years of age. The tax was 6% ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Natalism
Natalism (also called pronatalism or the pro-birth position) is a policy paradigm or personal value that promotes the reproduction of human life as an important objective of humanity and therefore advocates a high birthrate. Cf.: According to the Merriam-Webster dictionary, the term, as it relates to the belief itself, dates from 1971 and comes from , formed from , birthrate. As a population decline is observed in many countries associated with Population ageing, ageing and Modernization theory, cultural modernization, attempts at a political response are growing. According to the United Nations, UN, the share of countries with pronatalist policies had grown from 20% in 2005 to 28% in 2019. In recent decades, many countries have implemented pronatalist policies to counteract declining birth rates and aging populations. These policies often include financial incentives such as baby bonuses, tax breaks, and direct payments to families with children. However, experts note that fin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Anatoliy Vishnevskiy
Anatoly Vishnevsky (1 April 1935 – 15 January 2021) was a Russian demographer and economist. He also wrote novels. Biography Vishnevsky earned a doctorate in economics in 1983, which would later effectively make him a member of the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences. He directed the Institute of Demography at the Higher School of Economics. Vishnevsky was editor-in-chief of the information bulletin "Population and Society" and of the online journal "Demoscope Weekly". He was also a writer and historian of the White émigré. He was a teacher in Ukraine, which at the time was a part of the USSR. He graduated from the National University of Kharkiv in 1958 with a degree in statistics. In 1967, he defended a thesis titled "Urban agglomerations and the economic regulation of their growth" at the Central Economic Mathematical Institute. In 1971, he moved to Moscow and began working at the USSR Demographic Research Institute. In 1990, Vishnevsky worked in France as a visiting profe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Taxation In The Soviet Union
A tax is a mandatory financial charge or levy imposed on an individual or legal person, legal entity by a governmental organization to support government spending and public expenditures collectively or to Pigouvian tax, regulate and reduce negative Externality, externalities. Tax compliance refers to policy actions and individual behavior aimed at ensuring that taxpayers are paying the right amount of tax at the right time and securing the correct tax allowances and tax relief. The first known taxation occurred in Ancient Egypt around 3000–2800 BC. Taxes consist of direct tax, direct or indirect taxes and may be paid in money or as labor equivalent. All countries have a tax system in place to pay for public, common societal, or agreed national needs and for the functions of government. Some countries levy a flat tax, flat percentage rate of taxation on personal annual income, but most progressive tax, scale taxes are progressive based on brackets of yearly income amounts. Most ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jus Trium Liberorum
The ''jus trium liberorum'' (Latin, "the right of three children"; also spelled ''ius''), was a privilege awarded to Roman citizens who had produced at least three children or to freedpersons who had produced at least four. The privilege resulted from the ''Lex Papia Poppaea'' and other legislation on morality introduced by Augustus in the first centuries BC and AD. These laws were intended to increase the dwindling population of the Roman upper classes. The intent of the ''jus trium liberorum'' has been interpreted by a few scholars as eugenic legislation, but the predominant view is that it was intended to increase birth rates among the senatorial order. Men who had received the ''jus trium liberorum'' were excused from ''munera'' (compulsory services). Women with ''jus trium liberorum'' were no longer subject to '' tutela mulierum'' (guardianship by a male relative) and could receive inheritances which would otherwise descend to their children. The senatorial reaction to the ' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Marriage Loan
Marriage loans (, ) were part of the promotion of the family in Nazi Germany. Instituted in 1933, they were offered to newlywed couples in the form of vouchers for household goods, initially on condition that the woman stopped working. Unless the husband's earnings were very low, interest rates on the loans continued to be lower if only he worked; and one quarter of the principal was forgiven for each child. Description Marriage loans were created by the "Law for the Reduction of Unemployment" of June 1, 1933.Klaus-Jörg Ruhl, ''Brauner Alltag: 1933–1939 in Deutschland'', Fotografierte Zeitgeschichte, Düsseldorf: Droste, 1981, , p. 63 Cornelia Schmitz-Berning, ''Vokabular des Nationalsozialismus'', Berlin/New York: de Gruyter, 1998, p. 161 Aryan newlyweds were eligible to receive an interest-free loan of 1,000 Reichsmarks,Richard Grunberger, ''A Social History of the Third Reich'', London: Weidenfeld, 1971, , p. 235. in the form of vouchers in the husband's name that could be ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Population Planning
Human population planning is the practice of managing the growth rate of a human population. The practice, traditionally referred to as population control, had historically been implemented mainly with the goal of increasing population growth, though from the 1950s to the 1980s, concerns about overpopulation and its effects on poverty, the environment and political stability led to efforts to reduce population growth rates in many countries. More recently, however, several countries such as China, Japan, South Korea, Russia, Iran, Italy, Spain, Finland, Hungary and Estonia have begun efforts to boost birth rates once again, generally as a response to looming demographic crises. While population planning can involve measures that improve people's lives by giving them greater control of their reproduction, a few programs, such as the Chinese government's "one-child policy and two-child policy", have employed coercive measures. Types Three types of population planning policies ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Family In The Soviet Union
The view of the Soviet family as the basic social unit in society evolved from revolutionary to conservative; the government of the Soviet Union first attempted to weaken the family and then to strengthen it from the 1930s onwards. According to the 1968 law "Principles of Legislation on Marriage and the Family of the USSR and the Union Republics", parents are "to raise their children in the spirit of the Moral Code of the Builder of Communism, to attend to their physical development and their instruction in and preparation for socially useful activity". Bolshevik women in the Soviet household Prior to the 1917 revolution, women did not have equal rights to men and, since most of the population were peasants, they lived under the patriarchal village structure; they had to take care of the home as well as playing an important role in looking after farms. Millions of peasant men did seasonal work in the cities, often leaving women without their husbands for months at a time. One ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Battle For Births
The Battle for Births was one of four economic battles that took place in Fascist Italy (1922–1943), the others being the Battle for Grain (to make the country more self-sufficient), the Battle for the Lira (an increase in the value of the currency), and the Battle for Land (which involved policies of land reclamation). Prime Minister Benito Mussolini, often known as ''Il Duce'', envisioned an Italian Empire to rival that of the Romans, and in order to carry out this objective, foresaw the need to increase the population. Mussolini pursued an often aggressive foreign policy to achieve his colonial aims: the Italian army invaded Abyssinia (now Ethiopia) in October 1935. The phrase "Battle for Births" was also used, in contemporary sources, to describe policies developed in Nazi Germany. Implementation Mussolini feuded with the Catholic Church over a number of issues in his time in office, but their views, at that time, coincided on the issue of gender roles and contraception: ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Population Decline
Population decline, also known as depopulation, is a reduction in a human population size. Throughout history, Earth's total world population, human population has estimates of historical world population, continued to grow but projections suggest this long-term trend may be coming to an end. From antiquity until the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, the global population grew very slowly, at about Estimates of historical world population, 0.04% per year. After about 1800, the growth rate accelerated to a peak of 2.1% annually during the 1962–1968 period, but since then, due to the worldwide collapse of the total fertility rate, it has slowed to 0.9% as of 2023. The global growth rate in absolute numbers accelerated to a peak of 92.8 million in 1990, but has since slowed to 70.4 million in 2023. Human population projections, Long-term projections indicate that the growth rate of the human population of the planet will continue to slow and that before the end of the 21st ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Child Benefit
Child benefit or children's allowance is a social security payment which is distributed to the parents or guardians of children, teenagers and in some cases, young adult (psychology), young adults. Countries operate different versions of the benefit. In most child benefit is means-testing, means-tested and the amount paid is usually dependent on the number of children. Conditions for payment A number of conditional cash transfer programs in Latin America and Africa link payment to the receivers' actions, such as enrolling children into schools, and health check-ups and vaccinations. In the UK, in 2011 CentreForum proposed an additional child benefit dependent on parenting activities. Australia In Australia, the system of child benefit payments, once termed child endowment and currently called Social Security (Australia)#Family Tax benefit, Family Tax Benefit, is income tested and linked to the Income tax in Australia#Family Tax Benefit, Australian Income tax system. It can be clai ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Deutsche Welle
(; "German Wave"), commonly shortened to DW (), is a German state-funded television network, state-owned international broadcaster funded by the Federal Government of Germany. The service is available in 32 languages. DW's satellite television service consists of channels in English, Spanish, and Arabic. The work of DW is regulated by the Act, stating that content is intended to be independent of government influence. DW is a member of the European Broadcasting Union (EBU). DW offers regularly updated articles on its news website and runs its own centre for international media development, DW Akademie. The broadcaster's stated goals are to produce reliable news coverage, provide access to the German language, and promote understanding between peoples. It is also a provider of live streaming world news, which, like all DW programs, can be viewed and listened via its website, YouTube, satellite, rebroadcasting and various apps and digital media players. DW has been ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jens Spahn
Jens Georg Spahn (born 16 May 1980) is a German politician of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU) who has been a member of the lower house of the federal parliament, the Bundestag (, MdB), for Steinfurt I – Borken I since 2002. Since 2025, he has been leading the joint CDU/CSU (Union) parliamentary group in the 21st Bundestag, making him the majority leader. He served as Federal Minister of Health in the fourth cabinet of Chancellor Angela Merkel from 2018 to 2021, including during the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany. At the time of his first election in 2002, Spahn – at age 22 – was the youngest member of the CDU in the German parliament. He has since been one of the main sponsors of pension reform in Germany. He was a member of the Committee of Health of the 17th Bundestag and the CDU/CSU parliamentary group's spokesperson on health. When Chancellor Angela Merkel stated her intention not to seek re-election for the CDU party leadership in 2018, Spahn announced his ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
