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Abu Ishaq Al-Saffar Al-Bukhari
Abu Ishaq al-Saffar al-Bukhari (), was an important representative of the Sunni theological school of Abu Mansur al-Maturidi (d. c. 333/944) and the author of '' Talkhis al-Adilla li-Qawa'id al-Tawhid'' () which is a voluminous kalam work. He lived in Bukhara under the dominance of West Karakhanids. His theological works, his method in kalam, and frequent reference to his works by Ottoman and Arab scholars indicate that al-Saffar is a respected and authoritative Hanafi-Maturidi theologian who systematically established his ideas about kalam believing that information based upon reason, revealed knowledge and senses are determinative in his area. Name Abu Ishaq Ibrahim b. Isma'il b. Ahmad b. Ishaq b. Shayth, known as al-Zahid al-Saffar. The alternative name Ibrahim b. Ishaq, recorded by Brockelmann in his GAL, is found only in the British Museum manuscript no. 1577, Add. 27526, and is presumably erroneous, since the few bibliographical sources that mention al-Saffar call him ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kalam
''Ilm al-kalam'' or ''ilm al-lahut'', often shortened to ''kalam'', is the scholastic, speculative, or rational study of Islamic theology ('' aqida''). It can also be defined as the science that studies the fundamental doctrines of Islamic faith ('' usul al-din''), proving their validity, or refuting doubts regarding them. Kalām was born out of the need to establish and defend the tenets of Islam against the philosophical doubters, and to defend against heretical and religious innovations (''bidʿah''). A scholar of ''kalam'' is referred to as a ''mutakallim'' (plural ''mutakallimun''), a role distinguished from those of Islamic philosophers and jurists. After its first beginnings in the late Umayyad period, the Kalām experienced its rise in the early Abbasid period, when the Caliph al-Mahdi commissioned Mutakallimūn to write books against the followers of Iranian religions, and the Barmakid vizier Yahya ibn Khalid held Kalām discussions with members of various re ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sivas Cumhuriyet University
Sivas Cumhuriyet University () is a public university established in the Sivas Province of Turkey in 1973 at the 50th anniversary of Republic of Turkey. The main campus of the university is located away from Sivas city center, settled in an area of by Kızılırmak River. The campus is the fifth largest university campus in Turkey. The university offers lectures, educational opportunities, cultural and sportive activities to more than 50,000 undergraduate, postgraduate and doctorate students by 2435 academic staff, cultural and sportive facilities, and libraries. The university uses both a 0–100 point grade scale and a relative grading scale. Academics Cumhuriyet University accepts students to 15 faculties (comparable to colleges), 5 institutes, 13 vocational schools and 4 separate departments attached to the university presidency in the main campus. The academic units and the programs are listed below; Faculties and Schools and Institutes Faculties * Faculty of Medici ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Leiden
Leiden ( ; ; in English language, English and Archaism, archaic Dutch language, Dutch also Leyden) is a List of cities in the Netherlands by province, city and List of municipalities of the Netherlands, municipality in the Provinces of the Netherlands, province of South Holland, Netherlands. The municipality of Leiden has a population of 127,046 (31 January 2023), but the city forms one densely connected agglomeration with its suburbs Oegstgeest, Leiderdorp, Voorschoten and Zoeterwoude with 215,602 inhabitants. The Statistics Netherlands, Netherlands Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS) further includes Katwijk in the agglomeration which makes the total population of the Leiden urban agglomeration 282,207 and in the larger Leiden urban area also Teylingen, Noordwijk, and Noordwijkerhout are included with in total 365,913 inhabitants. Leiden is located on the Oude Rijn (Utrecht and South Holland), Oude Rijn, at a distance of some from The Hague to its south and some from Amsterdam ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Brill Publishers
Brill Academic Publishers () is a Dutch international academic publisher of books, academic journals, and Bibliographic database, databases founded in 1683, making it one of the oldest publishing houses in the Netherlands. Founded in the South Holland city of Leiden, it maintains its headquarters there, while also operating offices in Boston, Paderborn, Vienna, Singapore, and Beijing. Since 1896, Brill has been a public limited company (). Brill is especially known for its work in subject areas such as Oriental studies, classics, religious studies, Jewish studies, Islamic studies, Asian studies, international law, and human rights. The publisher offers traditional print books, academic journals, primary source materials online, and publications on microform. In recent decades, Brill has expanded to Electronic publishing, digital publishing with ebooks and online resources including databases and specialty collections varying by discipline. History Founding by Luchtmans, 16 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Carl Brockelmann
Carl Brockelmann (17 September 1868 – 6 May 1956) German Semitic studies, Semiticist, was the foremost Orientalism, orientalist of his generation. He was a professor at the universities in University of Wrocław, Breslau, Berlin and, from 1903, University of Königsberg, Königsberg. He is best known for his multi-volume ''Geschichte der arabischen Litteratur'' (first published 1898–1902) ('History of Arabic literature') which included all writers in Arabic to 1937, and remains the fundamental reference volume for all Arabic literature, apart from the Christian Arabic texts (covered by Georg Graf). He also published ''Syrische Grammatik mit Litteratur, Chrestomathie und Glossar'' (1899), ''Semitische Sprachwissenschaft'' (1906), ''Lexicon syriacum'' (1928), and ''Arabische Grammatik'' (under his own name 1941, but this was the eleventh edition of the grammar of Albert Socin, previously revised by Brockelmann several times). Career Brockelmann pursued Oriental studies, class ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jahmites
Jahmism (), is a term used by Islamic scholars to refer to the followers of the doctrines of Jahm bin Safwan (d. 128/746). The Jahmiyya particularly came to be remembered for advocating for the denial or negation of God's divine attributes (known as the doctrine of '' taʿṭīl'') as a product of their beliefs regarding affirming God's transcendentness from limits, potentially following late antique Neoplatonist currents. Jahm and those associated with his theological creed appear as prominent heretics in Sunni heresiography, and to be called a Jahmi became an insult or polemic, especially with respect to proponents of Ash'arism, who were called Jahmiyya on account of the accusation of fatalism and denial of God's attributes by Ibn Taymiyya and his followers, positions they say originated with Jahm. The term has also been used to pejoratively label Mu'tazilites. The views of Jahm and his followers are rejected by the four schools of thought in Sunni Islam and are not accepte ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Qadarites
Qadariyyah (), also Qadarites or Kadarites, from (), meaning "power", was originally a derogatory term designating early Islamic theologians who rejected the concept of predestination in Islam, ''qadr'', and asserted that humans possess absolute free will, making them responsible for their actions, justifying divine punishment and absolving God of responsibility for evil in the world. Originally, the Qadarites also reject belief in the prior knowledge of God, and they deny that God wrote the decrees concerning His creation before He created the heavens and the earth; Consequently, their belief goes against the teachings of Sunni Islam. Some of their doctrines were later adopted by the Mu'tazilis and rejected by the Ash'aris. They argued that evil actions of human beings could not be decreed by God, as they would have to be if there was no free will and all events in the universe were determined by God. Qadariyyah was one of the first philosophical schools in Islam. The earliest d ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kharijites
The Kharijites (, singular ) were an Islamic sect which emerged during the First Fitna (656–661). The first Kharijites were supporters of Ali who rebelled against his acceptance of arbitration talks to settle the conflict with his challenger, Mu'awiya, at the Battle of Siffin in 657. They asserted that "judgment belongs to God alone", which became their motto, and that rebels such as Mu'awiya had to be fought and overcome according to Qur'anic injunctions. Ali defeated the Kharijites at the Battle of Nahrawan in 658, but their insurrection continued. Ali was assassinated in 661 by a Kharijite dissident seeking revenge for the defeat at Nahrawan. After Mu'awiya established the Umayyad Caliphate in 661, his governors kept the Kharijites in check. The power vacuum caused by the Second Fitna (680–692) allowed for the resumption of the Kharijites' anti-government rebellion, and the Kharijite factions of the Azariqa and Najdat came to control large areas in Persia and Arab ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Karramites
Karramism () was a Hanafi- Mujassim-Murji'ah sect in Islam which flourished in the central and eastern parts of the Islamic worlds, and especially in the Iranian regions, from the 9th century until the Mongol invasions in the 13th century. The sect was founded by a Sistani named Muhammad ibn Karram (d. 896) who was a popular preacher in Khorasan in the 9th century in the vicinity of Nishapur. He later emigrated with many of his followers to Jerusalem. According to him, the Karrāmites were also called the "followers of Abū'Abdallāh" ''(aṣḥāb Abī'Abdallāh)''. Its main distribution areas were in Greater Khorasan, Transoxiana and eastern peripheral areas of Iran. Early Ghaznavids and the early Ghurid dynasty granted the Karrāmīyan rulership. The most important center of the community remained until the end of the 11th century Nishapur. After its decline, the Karrāmītes survived only in Ghazni and Ghor in the area of today's Afghanistan. Doctrine The doctrine of the Karra ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Heretics
Heresy is any belief or theory that is strongly at variance with established beliefs or customs, particularly the accepted beliefs or religious law of a religious organization. A heretic is a proponent of heresy. Heresy in Christianity, Judaism, and Islam has at times been met with censure ranging from excommunication to the death penalty. Heresy is distinct from apostasy, which is the explicit renunciation of one's religion, principles or cause; and from blasphemy, which is an impious utterance or action concerning God or sacred things. Heresiology is the study of heresy. Etymology Derived from Ancient Greek ''haíresis'' (), the English ''heresy'' originally meant "choice" or "thing chosen". However, it came to mean the "party, or school, of a man's choice", and also referred to that process whereby a young person would examine various philosophies to determine how to live. The word ''heresy'' is usually used within a Christian, Jewish, or Islamic context, and implies sl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Al-Saffar Al-Bukhari
Abu Ishaq al-Saffar al-Bukhari (), was an important representative of the Sunni theological school of Abu Mansur al-Maturidi (d. c. 333/944) and the author of '' Talkhis al-Adilla li-Qawa'id al-Tawhid'' () which is a voluminous kalam work. He lived in Bukhara under the dominance of West Karakhanids. His theological works, his method in kalam, and frequent reference to his works by Ottoman and Arab scholars indicate that al-Saffar is a respected and authoritative Hanafi-Maturidi theologian who systematically established his ideas about kalam believing that information based upon reason, revealed knowledge and senses are determinative in his area. Name Abu Ishaq Ibrahim b. Isma'il b. Ahmad b. Ishaq b. Shayth, known as al-Zahid al-Saffar. The alternative name Ibrahim b. Ishaq, recorded by Brockelmann in his GAL, is found only in the British Museum manuscript no. 1577, Add. 27526, and is presumably erroneous, since the few bibliographical sources that mention al-Saffar call him ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
