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Table Of Explosive Detonation Velocities
This is a compilation of published detonation velocities for various high explosive compounds. Detonation velocity is the speed with which the detonation shock wave travels through the explosive. It is a key, directly measurable indicator of explosive performance, but depends on density which must always be specified, and may be too low if the test charge diameter is not large enough. Especially for little studied explosives there may be divergent published values due to charge diameter issues. In liquid explosives, like nitroglycerin, there may be two detonation velocities, one much higher than the other. The detonation velocity values presented here are typically for the highest practical density which maximizes achievable detonation velocity.Cooper, Paul W. (1996). ''Explosives Engineering'', New York: Wiley-VCH. The velocity of detonation is an important indicator for overall energy and power of detonation, and in particular for the brisance or shattering effect of an explosi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Detonation
Detonation () is a type of combustion involving a supersonic exothermic front accelerating through a medium that eventually drives a shock front propagating directly in front of it. Detonations propagate supersonically through shock waves with speeds about 1 km/sec and differ from deflagrations which have subsonic flame speeds about 1 m/sec. Detonation may form from an explosion of fuel-oxidizer mixture. Compared with deflagration, detonation doesn't need to have an external oxidizer. Oxidizers and fuel mix when deflagration occurs. Detonation is more destructive than deflagrations. In detonation, the flame front travels through the air-fuel faster than sound; while in deflagration, the flame front travels through the air-fuel slower than sound. Detonations occur in both conventional solid and liquid explosives, as well as in reactive gases. TNT, dynamite, and C4 are examples of high power explosives that detonate. The detonation velocity, velocity of detonation in solid an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Triaminotrinitrobenzene
TATB, triaminotrinitrobenzene or 2,4,6-triamino-1,3,5-trinitrobenzene is an Aromaticity, aromatic explosive, based on the basic six-carbon benzene ring structure with three nitro functional groups (NO2) and three amine (NH2) groups attached, alternating around the ring. TATB is a very powerful explosive (somewhat less powerful than RDX, but more than Trinitrotoluene, TNT), but it is extremely insensitive to shock (mechanics), shock, vibration, fire, or impact (mechanics), impact. Because it is so difficult to detonate by accident, even under severe conditions, it has become preferred for applications where extreme explosives safety, safety is required, such as the explosives used in nuclear weapons, where accidental detonation during an airplane crash or rocket misfiring could potentially detonate the fissile core. All British nuclear warheads use TATB-based explosives in their nuclear weapons design, primary stage. According to David Albright, South Africa and weapons of mass ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Ethylenedinitramine
Ethylenedinitramine (EDNA, also Haleite or Explosive H) is an explosive chemical compound of the nitroamine class, a derivative of the ethylenediamine. EDNA is a powerful explosive, with a detonation velocity of 7,570 m/s, slightly higher than that of other common explosive materials, such as TNT (6,900 m/s) or picric acid (7,350 m/s), but lower than RDX (8,750 m/s) or PETN (8,400 m/s). Ednatol is a high explosive comprising about 58% ethylenedinitramine and 42% TNT Troponin T (shortened TnT or TropT) is a part of the troponin complex, which are proteins integral to the contraction of skeletal and heart muscles. They are expressed in skeletal and cardiac myocytes. Troponin T binds to tropomyosin and helps .... References Explosive chemicals Nitroamines {{explosive-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Xylitol Pentanitrate
Xylitol pentanitrate (XPN) is a nitrated ester primary explosive first synthesized in 1891 by Gabriel Bertrand. Law enforcement has taken an interest in XPN along with erythritol tetranitrate (ETN) and pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN) due to their ease of synthesis, which makes them accessible to amateur chemists and terrorists. Properties At room temperature XPN exists as a white crystalline solid. When heated to 163 °C, liquid xylitol pentanitrate begins to crackle and produce a dark vapour. When decomposed, a gram of XPN produces 200 mL of gas, which makes it a high performance explosive. Rotter impact analysis of XPN found a figure of insensitiveness of 25 (RDX = 80). XPN displayed a similar sensitivity to static discharge to ETN and PETN. Synthesis Xylitol pentanitrate is formed by nitration of xylitol pentaacetate. Nowadays, fuming nitric acid and glacial acetic acid is often used, but Bertrand originally employed a cheaper nitrating agent, the mixture of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Erythritol Tetranitrate
Erythritol tetranitrate (ETN) is an explosive compound chemically similar to PETN, though it is thought to be slightly more sensitive to friction and impact. Like many nitrate esters, ETN acts as a vasodilator, and was the active ingredient in the original "sustained release" tablets, made under a process patent in the early 1950s, called " nitroglyn". Ingesting ETN or prolonged skin contact can lead to absorption and what is known as a "nitro headache". History ETN was discovered by John Stenhouse in 1849 by nitrating erythritol he recently discovered. He described its explosive properties but suggested an incorrect formula due to atomic weights not yet being accurately determined. Its vasodilator properties have been researched since 1895. DuPont researched the explosive after the war, getting a patent in 1928, but it was never commercialized due to the difficulty of erythritol synthesis. Only due to genetically-engineered yeasts in the 1990s did it become possible for the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Pentaerythritol Tetranitrate
Pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN), also known as PENT, pentyl, PENTA (''ПЕНТА'', primarily in Russian), TEN (tetraeritrit nitrate), corpent, or penthrite (or, rarely and primarily in German, as ''nitropenta''), is an explosive material. It is the nitrate ester of pentaerythritol, and is structurally very similar to nitroglycerin. Penta-, Penta refers to the five carbon atoms of the neopentane skeleton. PETN is a very powerful explosive material with a relative effectiveness factor of 1.66. When mixed with a plasticizer, PETN forms a plastic explosive. Along with RDX it is the main ingredient of Semtex. PETN is also used as a Vasodilation, vasodilator drug to treat certain heart conditions, such as for management of angina. History Pentaerythritol tetranitrate was first prepared and patented in 1894 by the explosives manufacturer of Cologne, Cologne, Germany. The production of PETN started in 1912, when the improved method of production was patented by the German governm ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Mannitol Hexanitrate
Mannitol hexanitrate is a powerful explosive. Physically, it is a powdery solid at normal temperature ranges, with density of 1.73 g/cm3. The chemical name is hexanitromannitol and it is also known as nitromannite, MHN, and nitromannitol, and by the trademarks Nitranitol and Mannitrin. It is more stable than nitroglycerin, and it is used in detonators. Mannitol hexanitrate is a secondary explosive formed by the nitration of mannitol, a sugar alcohol. The product is used in medicine as a vasodilator and as an explosive in blasting caps. Its sensitivity is high, particularly at high temperatures (> 75 °C) where it is slightly more sensitive than nitroglycerine. Nitromannite is a class B explosive. The production of pure MHN is not a trivial task, since most preparations will yield a mixture of MHN and lower esters (pentanitrate and lower). See also * Pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN) * Xylitol pentanitrate * Erythritol tetranitrate (ETN) * Ethylene glycol dinitra ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Isopropyl Nitrate
In organic chemistry, a propyl group is a three-carbon alkyl substituent with chemical formula for the linear form. This substituent form is obtained by removing one hydrogen atom attached to the terminal carbon of propane. A propyl substituent is often represented in organic chemistry with the symbol Pr (not to be confused with the element praseodymium). An isomeric form of propyl is obtained by moving the point of attachment from a terminal carbon atom to the central carbon atom, named isopropyl or 1-methylethyl. To maintain four substituents on each carbon atom, one hydrogen atom has to be moved from the middle carbon atom to the carbon atom which served as attachment point in the ''n''-propyl variant, written as . Linear propyl is sometimes termed normal and hence written with a prefix ''n''- (i.e., ''n-''propyl), as the absence of the prefix ''n''- does not indicate which attachment point is chosen, i.e. absence of prefix does not automatically exclude the possibility of i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Nitroglycerine
Nitroglycerin (NG) (alternative spelling nitroglycerine), also known as trinitroglycerol (TNG), nitro, glyceryl trinitrate (GTN), or 1,2,3-trinitroxypropane, is a dense, colorless or pale yellow, oily, explosive liquid most commonly produced by nitrating glycerol with white fuming nitric acid under conditions appropriate to the formation of the nitric acid ester. Chemically, the substance is a nitrate ester rather than a nitro compound, but the traditional name is retained. Discovered in 1846 by Ascanio Sobrero, nitroglycerin has been used as an active ingredient in the manufacture of explosives, namely dynamite, and as such it is employed in the construction, demolition, and mining industries. It is combined with nitrocellulose to form double-based smokeless powder, used as a propellant in artillery and firearms since the 1880s. As is the case for many other explosives, nitroglycerin becomes more and more prone to exploding (i.e. spontaneous decomposition) as the temperature ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Ethylene Glycol Dinitrate
Ethylene glycol dinitrate, abbreviated EGDN and NGC, also known as Nitroglycol, is a colorless, oily, explosive liquid obtained by nitrating ethylene glycol. It is similar to nitroglycerine in both manufacture and properties, though it is more volatile and less viscous. Unlike nitroglycerine, the chemical has a perfect oxygen balance, meaning that its ideal exothermic decomposition would completely convert it to low energy carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide is a chemical compound with the chemical formula . It is made up of molecules that each have one carbon atom covalent bond, covalently double bonded to two oxygen atoms. It is found in a gas state at room temperature and at norma ..., water, and nitrogen gas, with no excess unreacted substances, without needing to react with anything else. History and production Pure EGDN was first produced by the Belgian chemist Louis Henry (1834–1913) in 1870 by dropping a small amount of ethylene glycol into a mixture of nitric acid, nitr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Methyl Nitrate
Methyl nitrate is the methyl ester of nitric acid and has the chemical formula CH3NO3. It is a colourless explosive volatile liquid. Synthesis It can be produced by the condensation of nitric acid and methanol: :CH3OH + HNO3 → CH3NO3 + H2O A newer method uses methyl iodide and silver nitrate: : CH3I + AgNO3 → CH3NO3 + AgI Methyl nitrate can be produced on a laboratory or industrial scale either through the distillation of a mixture of methanol and nitric acid, or by the nitration of methanol by a mixture of sulfuric and nitric acids. The first procedure is not preferred due to the great explosion danger presented by the methyl nitrate vapour. The second procedure is essentially identical to that of making nitroglycerin. However, the process is usually run at a slightly higher temperature and the mixture is stirred mechanically on an industrial scale instead of with compressed air. Electrolytic production methods have been reported involving electrolyzing sodium acet ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Ammonium Perchlorate
Ammonium perchlorate ("AP") is an inorganic compound with the formula . It is a colorless or white solid that is soluble in water. It is a powerful oxidizer. Combined with a fuel, it can be used as a rocket propellant called ammonium perchlorate composite propellant. Its instability has involved it in accidents such as the PEPCON disaster. Production Ammonium perchlorate (AP) is produced by reaction between ammonia and perchloric acid. This process is the main outlet for the industrial production of perchloric acid. The salt also can be produced by salt metathesis reaction of ammonium salts with sodium perchlorate. This process exploits the relatively low solubility of NH4ClO4, which is about 10% of that for sodium perchlorate.Helmut Vogt, Jan Balej, John E. Bennett, Peter Wintzer, Saeed Akbar Sheikh, Patrizio Gallone "Chlorine Oxides and Chlorine Oxygen Acids" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2002, Wiley-VCH. AP crystallises as colorless rhombohedra. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |