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TTM (programming Language)
TTM is a string oriented, general purpose macro processing programming language developed in 1968 by Steven Caine and E. Kent Gordon at the California Institute of Technology. Description The following description is taken from the original TTM reference manual and the subsequent batch processing extension. TTM is a recursive, interpretive language designed primarily for string manipulation, text editing, macro definition and expansion, and other applications generally classified as systems programming. It is derived from GAPFarber, D. J., 635 Assembly System - GAP. Bell Telephone Laboratories Computation Center (1964). and GPM.Strachey, C., A General Purpose Macro Generator. Comput J 8, 3(1965), pp. 225-241. Initially, TTM was planned as the macro processing portion of an assembler for the IBM System/360 and was designed to overcome the restrictions and inconsistencies which existed in the standard assemblers for that system. TTM was designed to have all of the power posses ...
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General-purpose Macro Processor
A general-purpose macro processor or general purpose preprocessor is a macro processor that is not tied to or integrated with a particular language or piece of software. A macro processor is a program that copies a stream of text from one place to another, making a systematic set of replacements as it does so. Macro processors are often embedded in other programs, such as assemblers and compilers. Sometimes they are standalone programs that can be used to process any kind of text. Macro processors have been used for language expansion (defining new language constructs that can be expressed in terms of existing language components), for systematic text replacements that require decision making, and for text reformatting (e.g. conditional extraction of material from an HTML Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) is the standard markup language for documents designed to be displayed in a web browser. It defines the content and structure of web content. It is often assisted by techno ...
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TRAC Programming Language
TRAC (for Text Reckoning And Compiling) Language is a programming language developed between 1959–1964 by Calvin Mooers and first implemented on the PDP-1 in 1964 by L. Peter Deutsch. It was one of three "first languages" recommended by Ted Nelson in '' Computer Lib''. TRAC T64 was used until at least 1984, when Mooers updated it to TRAC T84. Language description TRAC is a purely text-based language — a kind of macro language. Unlike traditional ''ad hoc'' macro languages of the time, such as those found in assemblers, TRAC is well planned, consistent, and in many senses complete. It has explicit input and output operators, unlike the typical implicit I/O at the outermost macro level, which makes it simultaneously simpler and more versatile than older macro languages. TRAC is a text-processing language, also called a string processing language. Because of this the only data type available is a string of characters. Numbers are strings of digits, with integer arithmetic (w ...
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MIT License
The MIT License is a permissive software license originating at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in the late 1980s. As a permissive license, it puts very few restrictions on reuse and therefore has high license compatibility. Unlike copyleft software licenses, the MIT License also permits reuse within proprietary software, provided that all copies of the software or its substantial portions include a copy of the terms of the MIT License and also a copyright notice. In 2015, the MIT License was the most popular software license on GitHub, and was still the most popular in 2025. Notable projects that use the MIT License include the X Window System, Ruby on Rails, Node.js, Lua (programming language), Lua, jQuery, .NET, Angular (web framework), Angular, and React (JavaScript library), React. License terms The MIT License has the identifier MIT in the SPDX License List. It is also known as the "#Ambiguity and variants, Expat License". It has the following terms: Co ...
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Programming Language
A programming language is a system of notation for writing computer programs. Programming languages are described in terms of their Syntax (programming languages), syntax (form) and semantics (computer science), semantics (meaning), usually defined by a formal language. Languages usually provide features such as a type system, Variable (computer science), variables, and mechanisms for Exception handling (programming), error handling. An Programming language implementation, implementation of a programming language is required in order to Execution (computing), execute programs, namely an Interpreter (computing), interpreter or a compiler. An interpreter directly executes the source code, while a compiler produces an executable program. Computer architecture has strongly influenced the design of programming languages, with the most common type (imperative languages—which implement operations in a specified order) developed to perform well on the popular von Neumann architecture. ...
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California Institute Of Technology
The California Institute of Technology (branded as Caltech) is a private research university in Pasadena, California, United States. The university is responsible for many modern scientific advancements and is among a small group of institutes of technology in the United States that are devoted to the instruction of pure and applied sciences. The institution was founded as a preparatory and vocational school by Amos G. Throop in 1891 and began attracting influential scientists such as George Ellery Hale, Arthur Amos Noyes, and Robert Andrews Millikan in the early 20th century. The vocational and preparatory schools were disbanded and spun off in 1910, and the college assumed its present name in 1920. In 1934, Caltech was elected to the Association of American Universities, and the antecedents of NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, which Caltech continues to manage and operate, were established between 1936 and 1943 under Theodore von Kármán. Caltech has six academic divisi ...
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Douglas McIlroy
Malcolm Douglas McIlroy (born 1932) is an American mathematician, engineer, and programmer. As of 2019 he is an Adjunct Professor of Computer Science at Dartmouth College. McIlroy is best known for having originally proposed Unix pipelines and developed several Unix tools, such as echo, spell, diff, sort, join, graph, speak, and tr. He was also one of the pioneering researchers of macro processors and programming language extensibility. He participated in the design of multiple influential programming languages, particularly PL/I, SNOBOL, ALTRAN, TMG and C++. His seminal work on software componentization and code reuse makes him a pioneer of component-based software engineering and software product line engineering. Biography McIlroy earned his bachelor's degree in engineering physics from Cornell University, and a Ph.D. in applied mathematics from MIT in 1959 for his thesis ''On the Solution of the Differential Equations of Conical Shells'' (advisor Eric Reissner). ...
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IBM System/360 Model 50
The IBM System/360 Model 50 is a member of the IBM System/360 family of computers. The Model 50 was announced in April 1964 with the other initial models of the family, and first shipped in August 1965 to the Bank of America. Models There are four models of the 360/50. They vary by the amount of core memory with which the system is offered. The F50, or 2050F is equipped with 65,536 bytes, the G50 has 131,072 bytes, the H50 262,144 bytes, and the I50 524,288 bytes. The system can also attach IBM 2361 Large Capacity Storage (LCS) modules which provide up to 8,388,608 bytes of additional storage, however with a considerably slower memory cycle time of 8 microseconds compared to the 2 microseconds of processor storage. Relative performance The system has a CPU cycle time of 500 nanoseconds, 25% faster than the Model 40 and 40% of the speed of the Model 65 which has a 200 nanosecond cycle time. Processor storage is magnetic core memory that transfers four bytes per 2 microsecond c ...
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Escaping
Escape or Escaping may refer to: Arts and media Film * ''Escape'' (1928 film), a German silent drama film * ''Escape!'' (film), a 1930 British crime film starring Austin Trevor and Edna Best * ''Escape'' (1940 film), starring Robert Taylor and Norma Shearer, based on the novel by Ethel Vance * ''Escape'' (1948 film), starring Rex Harrison * ''Escape'' (1971 film), a television movie starring Christopher George and William Windom * ''Escape'' (1980 film), a television movie starring Timothy Bottoms and Colleen Dewhurst * ''Escape'' (1988 film), an Egyptian film directed by Atef El-Tayeb * ''Escape'' (2012 American film), a thriller starring C. Thomas Howell, John Rhys-Davies, Anora Lyn * ''Escape'' (2012 Norwegian film), a thriller originally titled ''Flukt'' * ''Escapes'' (film), a 2017 documentary film about ''Blade Runner'' screenwriter Hampton Fancher * ''Escape'' (2021 film), a Malayalam film starring Santhosh Keezhattoor * ''Escape'' (2023 film), a Malaysian film ...
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Applicative Programming Language
In the classification of programming languages, an applicative programming language is built out of functions applied to arguments. Applicative languages are functional, and applicative is often used as a synonym for functional. However, concatenative languages can be functional, while not being applicative. The semantics of applicative languages are based on beta reduction of terms, and Side effect such as mutation of state are not permitted. Lisp and ML are applicative programming languages. See also * Applicative universal grammar * Function-level programming In computer science, function-level programming refers to one of the two contrasting programming paradigms identified by John Backus in his work on programs as mathematical objects, the other being value-level programming. In his 1977 Turin ... References {{Reflist Programming language classification Applicative computing systems ...
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GitHub
GitHub () is a Proprietary software, proprietary developer platform that allows developers to create, store, manage, and share their code. It uses Git to provide distributed version control and GitHub itself provides access control, bug tracking system, bug tracking, software feature requests, task management, continuous integration, and wikis for every project. Headquartered in California, GitHub, Inc. has been a subsidiary of Microsoft since 2018. It is commonly used to host open source software development projects. GitHub reported having over 100 million developers and more than 420 million Repository (version control), repositories, including at least 28 million public repositories. It is the world's largest source code host Over five billion developer contributions were made to more than 500 million open source projects in 2024. About Founding The development of the GitHub platform began on October 19, 2005. The site was launched in April 2008 by Tom ...
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