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Supreme Soviet Of The USSR
The Supreme Soviet of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (SSUSSR) was the highest body of state authority of the Soviet Union (USSR) from 1936 to 1991. Based on the principle of unified power, it was the only branch of government in the Soviet state. Prior to 1936, the Congress of Soviets was the supreme legislative body. During 1989–1991 a similar, but not identical structure was the supreme legislative body. The Supreme Soviet appointed the Council of Ministers, the Supreme Court, and the Procurator General of the USSR as well as elected the Presidium which served as the USSR's collective head of state under both the 1936 and 1977 Soviet Constitutions. By the Soviet constitutions of 1936 and 1977, the Supreme Soviet was defined as the highest organ of state power in the Soviet Union and was imbued with great lawmaking powers. In practice, however, it was a toy parliament which did nothing other than ratify decisions already made by the USSR's executive organs and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1984 Soviet Union Legislative Election
Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union, Supreme Soviet elections were held in the Soviet Union on 4 March 1984.Dieter Nohlen & Philip Stöver (2010) ''Elections in Europe: A data handbook'', p1642 The elections were called on December 16, 1983. The elections were not free and fair, as there was no genuine competition and no meaningful choice for voters to make. They were the last in the Soviet Union to be held before Mikhail Gorbachev's policies of perestroika and Demokratizatsiya (Soviet Union), demokratizatsiya resulted in partially free elections in 1989 Soviet Union legislative election, 1989. They were also the last direct elections to the Supreme Soviet, as in 1989 deputies were elected to the Congress of People's Deputies, who then elected the Supreme Soviet. Electoral system Candidates had to be nominated by the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) or by a public organisation.Nohlen & Stöver, p1630 However, all public organisations were controlled by the party and wer ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Supreme Soviet Of The Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic
The Supreme Soviet of the Moldavian SSR (, ; ) was the supreme soviet (main legislative institution) of the Moldavian SSR and later the independent Republic of Moldova from 1941 to 1993. The last elections of the Supreme Soviet of the Moldavian SSR were held in 1990 and 371 deputies were elected. Convocations On May 23, 1991, the 12th convocation of the Supreme Soviet of the Moldavian SSR became the first Parliament of the Republic of Moldova. * 1st Convocation (1941-1946) * 2nd Convocation (1947-1950) * 3rd Convocation (1951-1954) * 4th Convocation (1955-1959) * 5th Convocation (1959-1962) * 6th Convocation (1963-1966) * 7th Convocation (1967-1970) * 8th Convocation (1971-1974) * 9th Convocation (1975-1979) * 10th Convocation (1980-1984) * 11th Convocation (1985-1989) * 12th Convocation (1990-1993) Chairmen of the Supreme Soviet Chairmen of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet {, class="wikitable" !Portrait !Chairman !From !To , - , , Fyodor Brovko(1904–1960) , 10 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1937 Soviet Union Legislative Election
Supreme Soviet elections were held in the Soviet Union on 12 December 1937.Dieter Nohlen & Philip Stöver (2010) ''Elections in Europe: A data handbook'', p1642 It was the first election held under the 1936 Soviet Constitution, which had formed the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union to replace the old legislature, the Congress of Soviets of the Soviet Union. Electoral system The elections were originally announced as being multi-candidate; however, by halfway through the year the announcement was reversed due to the leadership worrying about the possible emergence of political opposition. However, during that early period a number of individuals attempted to hold the government to the multi-candidate promise, including members of the Russian Orthodox Church who attempted to field religious candidates as a result of Article 124 of the new constitution, which promised freedom of religion. Many of the early individuals attempting to run as alternate candidates were arrested after ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Communist Party Of The Soviet Union
The Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU),. Abbreviated in Russian as КПСС, ''KPSS''. at some points known as the Russian Communist Party (RCP), All-Union Communist Party and Bolshevik Party, and sometimes referred to as the Soviet Communist Party (SCP), was the founding and ruling political party of the Soviet Union. The CPSU was the One-party state, sole governing party of the Soviet Union until 1990 when the Congress of People's Deputies of the Soviet Union, Congress of People's Deputies modified Article 6 of the Soviet Constitution, Article 6 of the 1977 Soviet Constitution, which had previously granted the CPSU a monopoly over the political system. The party's main ideology was Marxism–Leninism. The party was outlawed under Russian President Boris Yeltsin's decree on 6 November 1991, citing the 1991 Soviet coup attempt as a reason. The party started in 1898 as part of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party. In 1903, that party split into a Menshevik ("mino ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Indirect Election
An indirect election or ''hierarchical voting,'' is an election in which voters do not choose directly among candidates or parties for an office ( direct voting system), but elect people who in turn choose candidates or parties. It is one of the oldest forms of elections and is used by many countries for heads of state (such as presidents), cabinets, heads of government (such as prime ministers), and/or upper houses. It is also used for some supranational legislatures. Positions that are indirectly elected may be chosen by a permanent body (such as a parliament) or by a special body convened solely for that purpose (such as an electoral college). In nearly all cases the body that controls the federal executive branch (such as a cabinet) is elected indirectly. This includes the cabinets of most parliamentary systems; members of the public elect the parliamentarians, who then elect the cabinet. Upper houses, especially in federal republics, are often indirectly elected, either ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Elections
An election is a formal group decision-making process whereby a population chooses an individual or multiple individuals to hold public office. Elections have been the usual mechanism by which modern representative democracy has operated since the 17th century. Elections may fill offices in the legislature, sometimes in the executive and judiciary, and for regional and local government. This process is also used in many other private and business organizations, from clubs to voluntary association and corporations. The global use of elections as a tool for selecting representatives in modern representative democracies is in contrast with the practice in the democratic archetype, ancient Athens, where the elections were considered an oligarchic institution and most political offices were filled using sortition, also known as allotment, by which officeholders were chosen by lot. Electoral reform describes the process of introducing fair electoral systems where they are ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Direct Election
Direct election is a system of choosing political officeholders in which the voters directly cast ballots for the persons or political party that they want to see elected. The method by which the winner or winners of a direct election are chosen depends upon the electoral system used. The most commonly used systems are the plurality system and the two-round system for single-winner elections, such as a presidential election, and proportional representation for the election of a legislature or executive. By contrast, in an indirect election, the voters elect a body which in turn elects the officeholder in question. In a double direct election, the elected representative serves on two councils, typically a lower-tier municipality and an upper-tier regional district or municipality. Examples Legislatures * The European Parliament has been directly elected every five years since 1979. Member states determine how to elect their representatives, but, among other requirement ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Moscow Kremlin
The Moscow Kremlin (also the Kremlin) is a fortified complex in Moscow, Russia. Located in the centre of the country's capital city, the Moscow Kremlin comprises five palaces, four cathedrals, and the enclosing Kremlin Wall along with the Kremlin towers. In the complex is the Grand Kremlin Palace, which was one of the royal residences of the Tsar of Russia, and now is the residence of the president of the Russian Federation. The Moscow Kremlin overlooks the Moskva River to the south, Saint Basil's Cathedral and Red Square to the east, and Alexander Garden to the west. In the Russian language, ''kremlin'' denotes a 'fortress within a city', and there are many historical cities with Kremlin of their own. However, the Moscow Kremlin, the best known, also serves an international-politics metonym that identifies the Government of Russia. During the Cold War (1947–1991), the term ''The Kremlin'' meant the Government of the Soviet Union and the term '' Kremlinology'' meant t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Grand Kremlin Palace
The Grand Kremlin Palace () is a building in the Moscow Kremlin. For much of the 19th century, it served as the official residence of the Russian emperor in Moscow, which was not then the capital of the Russian Empire. Designed by a team of architects under the management of Konstantin Thon, architect of the Kremlin Armoury and the Cathedral of Christ the Saviour, the palace was intended to emphasise the greatness of Russian autocracy. The Grand Kremlin Palace serves as the official working residence of the president of Russia and also houses a museum. History The Grand Kremlin Palace was built between 1837 and 1849 to serve as the tsar's Moscow residence, on the site of the estate of the Grand Princes, which had been established in the 14th century on Borovitsky Hill; its construction involved the demolition of the previous Baroque palace on the site, designed by Rastrelli, and the 16th century Church of St. John the Baptist, constructed to a design by Aloisio the New in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Supreme Council – Reconstituent Seimas
The Supreme Council – Restoration Seimas of the Republic of Lithuania (officially known as Supreme Council of the Republic of Lithuania), was the supreme governing body, elected in 1990. Its first meeting was held on 10 March 1990, and its last on 11 November 1992. Powers As outlined in the Provisional Basic Law of the Republic of Lithuania (1990), the Supreme Council had the following powers: *to adopt the Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania and amend it *to call for elections for deputies throughout the Republic of Lithuania and to confirm the composition of the Electoral Commission of the Republic *to approve drafts of the basic programmes of economic and social development of the Republic of Lithuania; approval of budget *to regulate property relations of in the Republic *to interpret the laws of the Republic of Lithuania *to form state bodies accountable to the Supreme Council of the Republic of Lithuania; to establish the systems of the procuracy, the Courts and o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Supreme Council Of Latvia
The Supreme Council of the Republic of Latvia (Latvian: Latvijas Republikas Augstākā Padome) was the transitional parliament of Latvia from 1990 to 1993, after the restoration of independence. The Supreme Council was elected on 1990 as the Supreme Soviet of the Latvian SSR. On 1990 it declared the restoration of independence of Latvia and began a transitional period that lasted until the election of a new Saeima to replace it. Independence was fully restored on 1991 during the Soviet coup attempt. The Supreme Council ended its work in 1993, with the first session of the fifth Saeima. Chairman of the Supreme Council of the Republic of Latvia * Anatolijs Gorbunovs , 1990 – , 1993 See also * The Barricades, the last confrontation between Soviet forces against Latvian nationals * 1991 Soviet Union referendum A referendum on the future of the Soviet Union was held on 17 March 1991 across the Soviet Union. It was the only national referendum in the history of the Sovi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Supreme Soviet Of The Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic
The Supreme Soviet of the Estonian SSR (Estonian language, Estonian: ''Eesti NSV Ülemnõukogu'') was the formal Rubber stamp (politics), rubber stamp legislative body of the Estonian SSR without any substantive meaning, which was formally elected in general elections, but whose members were essentially appointed by the leadership of the Communist Party. Before 1988, the Supreme Soviet had no meaningful political role. After its first democratic elections on 18 March 1990, the institution was renamed the Supreme Council of the Republic of Estonia on 8 May 1990.The Estonian language, Estonian name ''Ülemnõukogu'' remained the same, but its translation into English is usually changed from this point from "Supreme Soviet" to "Supreme Council", together with the change of the official name of the country. Organization The structure and formal functions of the Supreme Soviet of the Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic, Estonian SSR were copied from the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
