Stygiella Cryptica
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Stygiella Cryptica
''Stygiella'' /ˌstɪ.d͡ʒiˈɛ.lə/ is a genus of free-living marine flagellates belonging to the family Stygiellidae in the Jakobids (excavata). The genus currently includes four species, all of which are secondary obligate anaerobes. The species are all unicellular and crescent-shaped.Bernard, C, Simpson, A. G. B. & Patterson, D. J. (2000) Some free-living flagellates (protista) from anoxic habitats, Ophelia, 52:2, 113-142, DOI: 10.1080/00785236.1999.10409422. All members possess hydrogenosomes, a type of acristate mitochondrion-derived organelle (MRO) that produces hydrogen gas as a metabolic product.Leger, M. M., Eme, L., Hug, L. A., & Roger, A. J. (2016). ovel hydrogenosomes in the microaerophilic jakobid ''Stygiella incarcerata'' Molecular Biology and Evolution, 33(9), 2318-2336. Retrieved April 28, 2020. doi: doi.org/10.1093/2Fmolbev/2Fmsw103. Stygiella is a deep-branching lineage within excavates, and hydrogenosome genes sometimes show eubacterium-like mechanisms tha ...
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Stygioides
''Stygioides'' is a genus of moths in the family Cossidae. Species * ''Stygioides aethiops'' (Staudinger, 1887) * ''Stygioides colchica'' (Herrich-Schäffer, 1851) * ''Stygioides ivinskisi'' Saldaitis et Yakovlev in Saldaitis, Yakovlev et Ivinskis, 2007 * ''Stygioides nupponenorum'' Yakovlev et Saldaitis, 2011 * ''Stygioides persephone'' (Reisser, 1962) * ''Stygioides psyche'' (Grum-Grshimailo, 1893) Former species * ''Stygioides tricolor'' References Natural History Museum Lepidoptera generic names catalog
Cossinae Cossidae genera {{Cossinae-stub ...
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Axoneme
In molecular biology, an axoneme, also called an axial filament, is the microtubule-based cytoskeletal structure that forms the core of a cilium or flagellum. Cilia and flagella are found on many cells, organisms, and microorganisms, to provide motility. The axoneme serves as the "skeleton" of these organelles, both giving support to the structure and, in some cases, the ability to bend. Though distinctions of function and length may be made between cilia and flagella, the internal structure of the axoneme is common to both. Structure Inside a cilium and a flagellum is a microtubule-based cytoskeleton called the axoneme. The axoneme of a primary cilium typically has a ring of nine outer microtubule doublets (called a 9+0 axoneme), and the axoneme of a motile cilium has two central microtubules in addition to the nine outer doublets (called a 9+2 axoneme). The axonemal cytoskeleton acts as a scaffolding for various protein complexes and provides binding sites for m ...
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Flagellates
A flagellate is a cell or organism with one or more whip-like appendages called flagellum, flagella. The word ''flagellate'' also describes a particular construction (or level of organization) characteristic of many prokaryotes and eukaryotes and their means of motion. The term presently does not imply any specific relationship or classification of the organisms that possess flagella. However, several Morphological derivation, derivations of the term "flagellate" (such as "dinoflagellate" and "choanoflagellate") are more formally characterized. Form and behavior Flagella in eukaryotes are supported by microtubules in a characteristic arrangement, with nine fused pairs surrounding two central singlets. These arise from a basal body. In some flagellates, flagella direct food into a cytostome or mouth, where food is Ingestion, ingested. Flagella role in classifying eukaryotes. Among protoctists and microscopic animals, a flagellate is an organism with one or more flagella. So ...
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Stygiella Agilis
''Stygiella'' Help:IPA, /ˌstɪ.d͡ʒiˈɛ.lə/ is a genus of free-living marine flagellates belonging to the family Stygiellidae in the jakobida, Jakobids (excavata). The genus currently includes four species, all of which are secondary obligate anaerobes. The species are all unicellular and crescent-shaped.Bernard, C, Simpson, A. G. B. & Patterson, D. J. (2000) Some free-living flagellates (protista) from anoxic habitats, Ophelia, 52:2, 113-142, DOI: 10.1080/00785236.1999.10409422. All members possess hydrogenosomes, a type of acristate mitochondrion-derived organelle (MRO) that produces hydrogen gas as a metabolic product.Leger, M. M., Eme, L., Hug, L. A., & Roger, A. J. (2016). [Novel hydrogenosomes in the microaerophilic jakobid ''Stygiella incarcerata'']. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 33(9), 2318-2336. Retrieved April 28, 2020. doi: doi.org/10.1093/2Fmolbev/2Fmsw103. Stygiella is a basal (phylogenetics), deep-branching lineage within excavates, and hydrogenosome genes so ...
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Stygiella Cryptica
''Stygiella'' /ˌstɪ.d͡ʒiˈɛ.lə/ is a genus of free-living marine flagellates belonging to the family Stygiellidae in the Jakobids (excavata). The genus currently includes four species, all of which are secondary obligate anaerobes. The species are all unicellular and crescent-shaped.Bernard, C, Simpson, A. G. B. & Patterson, D. J. (2000) Some free-living flagellates (protista) from anoxic habitats, Ophelia, 52:2, 113-142, DOI: 10.1080/00785236.1999.10409422. All members possess hydrogenosomes, a type of acristate mitochondrion-derived organelle (MRO) that produces hydrogen gas as a metabolic product.Leger, M. M., Eme, L., Hug, L. A., & Roger, A. J. (2016). ovel hydrogenosomes in the microaerophilic jakobid ''Stygiella incarcerata'' Molecular Biology and Evolution, 33(9), 2318-2336. Retrieved April 28, 2020. doi: doi.org/10.1093/2Fmolbev/2Fmsw103. Stygiella is a deep-branching lineage within excavates, and hydrogenosome genes sometimes show eubacterium-like mechanisms tha ...
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Oxidative Stress
Oxidative stress reflects an imbalance between the systemic manifestation of reactive oxygen species and a biological system's ability to readily detoxify the reactive intermediates or to repair the resulting damage. Disturbances in the normal redox state of cells can cause toxic effects through the production of peroxides and free radicals that damage all components of the cell, including proteins, lipids, and DNA. Oxidative stress from oxidative metabolism causes base damage, as well as strand breaks in DNA. Base damage is mostly indirect and caused by the reactive oxygen species generated, e.g., (superoxide radical), OH ( hydroxyl radical) and (hydrogen peroxide). Further, some reactive oxidative species act as cellular messengers in redox signaling. Thus, oxidative stress can cause disruptions in normal mechanisms of cellular signaling. In humans, oxidative stress is thought to be involved in the development of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, cancer, Parkin ...
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Trichomonas Vaginalis
''Trichomonas vaginalis'' is an Anaerobic organism, anaerobic, flagellated protozoan parasite and the causative agent of a Sexually transmitted infection, sexually transmitted disease called trichomoniasis. It is the most common pathogenic protozoan that infects humans in industrialized countries. Infection rates in men and women are similar but women are usually symptomatic, while infections in men are usually asymptomatic. Transmission usually occurs via direct, skin-to-skin contact with an infected individual, most often through vaginal intercourse. It is estimated that 160 million cases of infection are acquired annually worldwide. The estimates for North America alone are between 5 and 8 million new infections each year, with an estimated rate of asymptomatic cases as high as 50%. Usually treatment consists of either metronidazole or tinidazole. More recent studies on Trichomonas vaginalis have shed light on the parasite’s evolution, genomic complexity, and pathogenesis proc ...
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Hydrogenase
A hydrogenase is an enzyme that Catalysis, catalyses the reversible Redox, oxidation of molecular hydrogen (H2), as shown below: Hydrogen oxidation () is coupled to the reduction of electron acceptors such as oxygen, nitrate, Ferric, ferric ion, sulfate, carbon dioxide (), and fumarate. On the other hand, proton reduction () is coupled to the oxidation of electron donors such as ferredoxin (FNR), and serves to dispose excess electrons in cells (essential in pyruvate fermentation). Both low-molecular weight compounds and proteins such as FNRs, cytochrome ''c''3, and cytochrome ''c''6 can act as physiological electron donors or acceptors for hydrogenases. Structural classification It has been estimated that 99% of all organisms utilize hydrogen, H2. Most of these species are microbes and their ability to use H2 as a metabolite arises from the expression of metalloenzymes known as hydrogenases. Hydrogenases are sub-classified into three different types based on the active site ...
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Ferredoxin Oxidoreductase
Ferredoxins (from Latin ''ferrum'': iron + redox, often abbreviated "fd") are iron–sulfur proteins that mediate electron transfer in a range of metabolic reactions. The term "ferredoxin" was coined by D.C. Wharton of the DuPont Co. and applied to the "iron protein" first purified in 1962 by Mortenson, Valentine, and Carnahan from the anaerobic bacterium '' Clostridium pasteurianum''. Another redox protein, isolated from spinach chloroplasts, was termed "chloroplast ferredoxin". The chloroplast ferredoxin is involved in both cyclic and non-cyclic photophosphorylation reactions of photosynthesis. In non-cyclic photophosphorylation, ferredoxin is the last electron acceptor thus reducing the enzyme NADP+ reductase. It accepts electrons produced from sunlight- excited chlorophyll and transfers them to the enzyme ferredoxin: NADP+ oxidoreductase . Ferredoxins are small proteins containing iron and sulfur atoms organized as iron–sulfur clusters. These biological "capacitors" can acc ...
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Electron Transport Chain
An electron transport chain (ETC) is a series of protein complexes and other molecules which transfer electrons from electron donors to electron acceptors via redox reactions (both reduction and oxidation occurring simultaneously) and couples this electron transfer with the transfer of protons (H+ ions) across a membrane. Many of the enzymes in the electron transport chain are embedded within the membrane. The flow of electrons through the electron transport chain is an exergonic process. The energy from the redox reactions creates an electrochemical proton gradient that drives the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). In aerobic respiration, the flow of electrons terminates with molecular oxygen as the final electron acceptor. In anaerobic respiration, other electron acceptors are used, such as sulfate. In an electron transport chain, the redox reactions are driven by the difference in the Gibbs free energy of reactants and products. The free energy released when ...
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Cytosol
The cytosol, also known as cytoplasmic matrix or groundplasm, is one of the liquids found inside cells ( intracellular fluid (ICF)). It is separated into compartments by membranes. For example, the mitochondrial matrix separates the mitochondrion into many compartments. In the eukaryotic cell, the cytosol is surrounded by the cell membrane and is part of the cytoplasm, which also comprises the mitochondria, plastids, and other organelles (but not their internal fluids and structures); the cell nucleus is separate. The cytosol is thus a liquid matrix around the organelles. In prokaryotes, most of the chemical reactions of metabolism take place in the cytosol, while a few take place in membranes or in the periplasmic space. In eukaryotes, while many metabolic pathways still occur in the cytosol, others take place within organelles. The cytosol is a complex mixture of substances dissolved in water. Although water forms the large majority of the cytosol, its structure and proper ...
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