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Stewart's Wilt
Stewart's wilt is a bacterial disease of corn caused by the bacterium '' Pantoea stewartii''. The disease is also known as bacterial wilt or bacterial leaf blight and has been shown to be quite problematic in sweet corn. The causal organism is a facultatively anaerobic, gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium. The disease is endemic in the mid-Atlantic and Ohio River Valley regions and in the southern portion of the Corn Belt. Stewart's Wilt causes minor reductions in field corn yield, despite common occurrence, because most hybrids grown in the Midwest have adequate resistance. However, the disease can be problematic in seed production because many countries have restrictions on maize seed from areas where the Stewart's Wilt occurs. Stewart's wilt affects plants, particularly types of maize such as sweet, flint, dent, flour, and popcorn. Sweet corn and popcorn cultivars are more susceptible to Stewart's wilt than field (dent) corn, but some dent corn inbreds and hybrids are suscepti ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Corn Flea Beetle
''Chaetocnema pulicaria'', also known as the corn flea beetle and clover flea beetle, is a species of flea beetle from Leaf beetle, Chrysomelidae family, found in Texas, United States, USA and Canada. Description The species is black in color, with orange legs and antenna (biology), antennae. Their size is quite small, about long. Species lifecycle The females lay Egg (biology), eggs in soil, which has plants growing nearby. The eggs hatch in 7 to 14 days into larvae. While in their larval stage, their small, worm-like bodies are white. The larvae feed especially on plants' roots, causing serious damage. Then, they transform into pupae, and a week later, into adults. Pest The species is known for causing damage to crops. The damaged plants include sorghum, soybeans, sweet corn, small grains, and some vegetables. They feed on both sides of a leaf (upper and lower parts), including epidermis (botany), epidermis and the leaf vein, veins. They also transmit Stewart's wilt; by rem ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Wheat Wireworm
Wheat is a group of wild and domesticated grasses of the genus ''Triticum'' (). They are cultivated for their cereal grains, which are staple foods around the world. Well-known wheat species and hybrids include the most widely grown common wheat (''T. aestivum''), spelt, durum, emmer, einkorn, and Khorasan or Kamut. The archaeological record suggests that wheat was first cultivated in the regions of the Fertile Crescent around 9600 BC. Wheat is grown on a larger area of land than any other food crop ( in 2021). World trade in wheat is greater than that of all other crops combined. In 2021, world wheat production was , making it the second most-produced cereal after maize (known as corn in North America and Australia; wheat is often called corn in countries including Britain). Since 1960, world production of wheat and other grain crops has tripled and is expected to grow further through the middle of the 21st century. Global demand for wheat is increasing because of the use ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Enterobacter Agglomerans
''Pantoea agglomerans'' is a Gram-negative bacterium that belongs to the family Erwiniaceae. It was formerly called ''Enterobacter agglomerans'', or ''Erwinia herbicola'' and is a ubiquitous bacterium commonly isolated from plant surfaces, seeds, fruit, and animal or human feces and can be found throughout a honeybee's environment. Levan produced by ''Pantoea agglomerans'' ZMR7 was reported to decrease the viability of rhabdomyosarcoma (RD) and breast cancer (MDA) cells compared with untreated cancer cells. In addition, it has high antiparasitic activity against the promastigote of ''Leishmania tropica''. Plant Disease Biocontrol ''Pantoea agglomerans'' can serve as a Biological pest control, biocontrol organism for the management of plant diseases. It has been used to control fire blight, a plant disease caused by bacterium ''Erwinia amylovora,'' that is a common problem in pear and apple crops. After coming in contact with ''Erwinia amylovora'', ''Pantoea agglomerans'' produc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Long Island
Long Island is a densely populated continental island in southeastern New York (state), New York state, extending into the Atlantic Ocean. It constitutes a significant share of the New York metropolitan area in both population and land area. The island extends from New York Harbor eastward into the ocean with a maximum north–south width of . With a land area of , it is the List of islands of the United States by area, largest island in the contiguous United States. Long Island is divided among four List of counties in New York, counties, with Brooklyn, Kings (Brooklyn), Queens, and Nassau County, New York, Nassau counties occupying its western third and Suffolk County, New York, Suffolk County its eastern two-thirds. It is an ongoing topic of debate whether or not Brooklyn and Queens are considered part of Long Island. Geographically, both Kings and Queens county are located on the Island, but some argue they are culturally separate from Long Island. Long Island may ref ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Blissus Leucopterus
''Blissus leucopterus'', also known as the true chinch bug, is a small North American insect in the order Hemiptera and family Blissidae. It is the most commonly encountered species of the genus '' Blissus'', which are all known as chinch bugs. A closely related species is ''B. insularis'', the southern chinch bug. The name of the chinch bug is derived from the Spanish ', which refers to the bed bug and is in turn derived from the Latin ''cimex''. The chinch bug is not related to the bed bug, but took this name on account of producing a similar smell to that of bed bugs when crushed. These bugs tend to gather on sunny, open patches of turfgrass. Due to their small size, chinch bugs are hardly noticeable, so they become problems, since they are considered pests that feed on stems of turfgrass and grain crops. Identification ''B. leucopterus'' is about long when fully developed. The adults' bodies vary in colour from dark red to brown with white wings and red legs. Young nymph ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Thomas Jonathan Burrill
Thomas Jonathan Burrill (April 25, 1839 – April 14, 1916) was an American botanist, plant pathologist, and college administrator who first discovered bacterial causes for plant disease. He introduced '' Erwinia amylovora'' (called by him ''Micrococcus amylovorus'') as the causal agent of pear fire blight. Born in Pittsfield, Massachusetts, he moved with his family at age 9 to a farm in Stephenson County, Illinois. Burrill graduated Illinois State Normal University in 1865, and then worked for two years as superintendent of the Urbana public schools. He received his PhD from the University of Chicago in 1881. Burrill was selected by John Wesley Powell to be the botanist for an expedition to the Colorado Rocky Mountains in 1867. Eight of 12 members of the expedition party made an ascent of Pikes Peak Pikes Peak is the List of mountain ranges of Colorado#Mountain ranges, highest summit of the southern Front Range of the Rocky Mountains in North America. The Ult ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Phytosanitary Inspection
Phytosanitary may refer to: *Phytosanitary certification *Phytosanitary inspection *Phytosanitary irradiation *Phytosanitary quarantine *Sanitary and phytosanitary measures and agreements :*Phytosanitary regulation :*Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures of the WTO Uruguay Round :*Risk Assessment under the Sanitary and Phytosanitary Agreement :*Phytosanitary Certificate Issuance and Tracking System of the USDA :*Commission on Phytosanitary Measures of the FAO IPPC :*International Standards For Phytosanitary Measures No. 15 of the IPPC {{disambiguation ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sanitary And Phytosanitary Measures And Agreements
Sanitation refers to public health conditions related to clean drinking water and treatment and disposal of Human waste, human excreta and sewage. Risk management, Preventing human contact with feces is part of sanitation, as is hand washing with soap. Sanitation systems aim to protect human health by providing a clean environment that will stop the Transmission (medicine), transmission of disease, especially through the fecal–oral route.SuSanA (2008)Towards more sustainable sanitation solutions . Sustainable Sanitation Alliance (SuSanA) For example, diarrhea, a main cause of Undernutrition in children, malnutrition and stunted growth in children, can be reduced through adequate sanitation. There are many other diseases which are easily transmitted in communities that have low levels of sanitation, such as ascariasis (a type of intestinal worm infection or helminthiasis), cholera, hepatitis, polio, schistosomiasis, and trachoma, to name just a few. A range of sanitation techno ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Thiamethoxam
Thiamethoxam is the ISO common name for a mixture of ''cis-trans'' isomers used as a systemic insecticide of the neonicotinoid class. It has a broad spectrum of activity against many types of insects and can be used as a seed dressing. A 2018 review by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) concluded that most uses of neonicotinoid pesticides such as Thiamethoxam represent a risk to wild bees and honeybees. In 2022 the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) concluded that Thiamethoxam is likely to adversely affect 77 percent of federally listed endangered or threatened species and 81 percent of critical habitats. The pesticide has been banned for all outdoor use in the entire European Union since 2018, but has a partial approval in the U.S. and other parts of the world, where it is widely used. History Thiamethoxam was developed by Ciba-Geigy (now Syngenta) in 1991 and launched in 1998; a patent dispute arose with Bayer which already had patents covering other ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Imidacloprid
Imidacloprid is a systemic insecticide belonging to a class of chemicals called the neonicotinoids which act on the central nervous system of insects. The chemical works by interfering with the transmission of stimuli in the insect nervous system. Specifically, it causes a blockage of the nicotinergic neuronal pathway. By blocking nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, imidacloprid prevents acetylcholine from transmitting impulses between nerves, resulting in the insect's paralysis and eventual death. It is effective on contact and via stomach action. Because imidacloprid binds much more strongly to insect neuron receptors than to mammal neuron receptors, this insecticide is more toxic to insects than to mammals. From 1999 through , imidacloprid was the most widely used insecticide in the world. Although it is now off patent, the primary manufacturer of this chemical is Bayer CropScience (part of Bayer AG). It is sold under many names for many uses; it can be applied by soil injec ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Clothianidin
Clothianidin is an insecticide developed by Takeda Chemical Industries and Bayer AG. Similar to thiamethoxam and imidacloprid, it is a neonicotinoid. Neonicotinoids are a class of insecticides that are chemically similar to nicotine, which has been used as a pesticide since the late 1700s. Clothianidin and other neonicotinoids act on the central nervous system of insects as an agonist of nAChR, the same receptor as acetylcholine, the neurotransmitter that stimulates and activating post-synaptic acetylcholine receptors but not inhibiting AChE. Clothianidin and other neonicotinoids were developed to last longer than nicotine, which is more toxic and which breaks down too quickly in the environment. A 2018 review by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) concluded that most uses of neonicotinoid pesticides such as clothianidin represent a risk to wild bees and honeybees.European Food Safety Authority (16 January 2013"Conclusion on the peer review of the pesticide risk assessment ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
