|
Stenaelurillus Fuscatus
''Stenaelurillus fuscatus'' is a species of jumping spider in the genus ''Stenaelurillus'' that lives in Kenya and Tanzania. The species was first identified in 2000 by Wanda Wesołowska & Anthony Russell-Smith, and named for the Latin word for darkish. The spider is medium-sized with a carapace between long and an abdomen that is between in length. The female carapace is dark brown and has two white stripes and a pattern of a triangle and spots on the abdomen. The colouration is similarly dark but the patterns are less clear. The male abdomen is dominated by a dark scutum. The female is also darker overall, with brown rather than the yellow spinnerets and light brown chelicerae of the male. The male has a hook near the base of the embolus that differentiates it from other species in the genus, while the female's wide insemination ducts sets it apart from the similar '' Stenaelurillus darwini''. Taxonomy ''Stenaelurillus fuscatus'' was first described by Wanda Wesoło ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Stenaelurillus
''Stenaelurillus'' is a genus of Salticidae, jumping spiders that was first described by Eugène Simon, Eugène Louis Simon in 1886. Most species live in Africa, with some species found in Asia, including China. All species have two white longitudinal stripes on the carapace, and both sexes show strong bristles around the eyes. The name is a combination of the Greek ''sten-'' "narrow" and the salticid genus ''Aelurillus''. Species it contains forty-six species, found only in Africa and Asia: *''Stenaelurillus abramovi'' Logunov, 2008 – Thailand, Vietnam *''Stenaelurillus albopunctatus'' Lodovico di Caporiacco, Caporiacco, 1949 – Kenya *''Stenaelurillus albus'' Sebastian, Sankaran, Malamel & Joseph, 2015 – India *''Stenaelurillus arambagensis'' (Biswas & Biswas, 1992) – India *''Stenaelurillus bandama'' Logunov & Azarkina, 2018 – Ivory Coast *''Stenaelurillus belihuloya'' Logunov & Azarkina, 2018 – Sri Lanka *''Stenaelurillus brandbergensis'' (Wanda Wesołowska, Wesolow ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Clade (biology)
A clade (), also known as a monophyletic group or natural group, is a group of organisms that are monophyletic – that is, composed of a common ancestor and all its lineal descendants – on a phylogenetic tree. Rather than the English term, the equivalent Latin term ''cladus'' (plural ''cladi'') is often used in taxonomical literature. The common ancestor may be an individual, a population, or a species (extinct or extant). Clades are nested, one in another, as each branch in turn splits into smaller branches. These splits reflect evolutionary history as populations diverged and evolved independently. Clades are termed monophyletic (Greek: "one clan") groups. Over the last few decades, the cladistic approach has revolutionized biological classification and revealed surprising evolutionary relationships among organisms. Increasingly, taxonomists try to avoid naming taxa that are not clades; that is, taxa that are not monophyletic. Some of the relationships between organis ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Umba River (Tanzania)
The Umba River is located in northeastern Tanzania in Tanga Region. It rises in Schageiuforest (Shagayu) in the West Usambara Mountains at 2,000 m altitude and flows on the north side of the mountain range to the east. At Lelwa it empties the Mbalamu River, which comes from the extreme north of the Usambara Mountains, and the Mglumi River into the Umba. Just before the Umba flows into the Indian Ocean, it crosses the border to Kenya. The mouth itself marks the most eastern point on the border between Tanzania and Kenya, which was largely made in a straight line to the northwest towards Lake Victoria in the 19th Century. On the upper reaches of the river in the mid-1960s rich deposits of precious stones, including sapphires and spessartine, were discovered. Also on the river is the Umba River Game Reserve, a wildlife reserve that includes along with the Mkomazi Game Reserve, about 2,600 km². Hydrometry The flow of the river has been observed over 40 years (1963-2003) in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Holotype
A holotype is a single physical example (or illustration) of an organism, known to have been used when the species (or lower-ranked taxon) was formally described. It is either the single such physical example (or illustration) or one of several examples, but explicitly designated as the holotype. Under the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN), a holotype is one of several kinds of name-bearing types. In the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN) and ICZN, the definitions of types are similar in intent but not identical in terminology or underlying concept. For example, the holotype for the butterfly '' Plebejus idas longinus'' is a preserved specimen of that subspecies, held by the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard University. In botany, an isotype is a duplicate of the holotype, where holotype and isotypes are often pieces from the same individual plant or samples from the same gathering. A holotype is not necessaril ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Endemism
Endemism is the state of a species being found in a single defined geographic location, such as an island, state, nation, country or other defined zone; organisms that are indigenous to a place are not endemic to it if they are also found elsewhere. For example, the Cape sugarbird is found exclusively in southwestern South Africa and is therefore said to be ''endemic'' to that particular part of the world. An endemic species can be also be referred to as an ''endemism'' or in scientific literature as an ''endemite''. For example ''Cytisus aeolicus'' is an endemite of the Italian flora. ''Adzharia renschi'' was once believed to be an endemite of the Caucasus, but it was later discovered to be a non-indigenous species from South America belonging to a different genus. The extreme opposite of an endemic species is one with a cosmopolitan distribution, having a global or widespread range. A rare alternative term for a species that is endemic is "precinctive", which applies t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sclerotization
Sclerotization is a biochemical process that produces the rigid shell of sclerotin that comprises an insect's chitinous exoskeleton. It is prominent in the thicker, armored parts of insects and arachnids, especially in the biting mouthparts and sclerites of scorpions and beetles. Molecular mechanism Sclerotization entails crosslinking of oxygen-reactive derivatives of dopamine. The reaction of the dopamine derivatives toward oxygen is catalyzed by diverse enzymes such as laccase, which convert the catechol groups to quinones. The resulting quinones are susceptible to nucleophilic attack by amines and thiols, which decorate the side-chains of proteins. These reactions gives rise to color (typically brown), loss of solubility, and rigidification that accompany sclerotization.{{cite journal , doi=10.1007/s00726-005-0298-2, title=When Quinones Meet Amino Acids: Chemical, Physical and Biological Consequences, year=2006, last1=Bittner, first1=S., journal=Amino Acids, volume=30, issu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Stenaelurillus Latibulbis
''Stenaelurillus latibulbis'' is a species of jumping spider in the genus ''Stenaelurillus'' that lives in Democratic Republic of the Congo and Zambia. It was first described in 2014 by Wanda Wesołowska. The spider is medium-sized, with a dark brown cephalothorax between in length and a black abdomen between long. The male carapace has patches of white hairs, while the female is marked by two white stripes that stretch from the front to back. The female abdomen has a triangular-shaped white marking. It is distinguished from other members of the genus by the male's short, wide palpal bulb and the female's small epigyne with relatively short insemination ducts and round spermathecae. Taxonomy ''Stenaelurillus latibulbis'' was first described by Wanda Wesołowska in 2014. It is one of over 500 species identified by the Polish arachnologist. She placed the species in the genus ''Stenaelurillus'', first raised by Eugène Simon in 1886. The name relates to the genus name ''Aelurill ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Spermatheca
The spermatheca (pronounced plural: spermathecae ), also called receptaculum seminis (plural: receptacula seminis), is an organ of the female reproductive tract in insects, e.g. ants, bees, some molluscs, oligochaeta worms and certain other invertebrates and vertebrates. Its purpose is to receive and store sperm from the male or, in the case of hermaphrodites, the male component of the body. Spermathecae can sometimes be the site of fertilization when the oocytes are sufficiently developed. Some species of animal have multiple spermathecae. For example, certain species of earthworms have four pairs of spermathecae—one pair each in the 6th, 7th, 8th, and 9th segments. The spermathecae receive and store the spermatozoa of another earthworm during copulation. They are lined with epithelium and are variable in shape: some are thin, heavily coiled tubes, while others are vague outpocketings from the main reproductive tract. It is one of the many variations in sexual repro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Epigyne
The epigyne or epigynum is the external genital structure of female spiders. As the epigyne varies greatly in form in different species, even in closely related ones, it often provides the most distinctive characteristic for recognizing species. It consists of a small, hardened portion of the exoskeleton located on the underside of the abdomen, in front of the epigastric furrow and between the epigastric plates. Functions The primary function of the epigyne is to receive and direct the palpal organ of the male during copulation. The various specific forms of epigynes are correlated, in each case, with corresponding specific differences in the palpus of the male. This specialization prevents individuals of different species from mating. The epigyne covers or accompanies the openings of the spermathecae, which are pouches for receiving and retaining sperm. Frequently, the openings of the spermathecae are on the outer face of the epigyne and can be easily seen. A secondary funct ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Stenaelurillus Uniguttatus
''Stenaelurillus'' is a genus of jumping spiders that was first described by Eugène Louis Simon in 1886. Most species live in Africa, with some species found in Asia, including China. All species have two white longitudinal stripes on the carapace, and both sexes show strong bristles around the eyes. The name is a combination of the Greek ''sten-'' "narrow" and the salticid genus ''Aelurillus''. Species it contains forty-six species, found only in Africa and Asia: *''Stenaelurillus abramovi'' Logunov, 2008 – Thailand, Vietnam *'' Stenaelurillus albopunctatus'' Caporiacco, 1949 – Kenya *''Stenaelurillus albus'' Sebastian, Sankaran, Malamel & Joseph, 2015 – India *'' Stenaelurillus arambagensis'' (Biswas & Biswas, 1992) – India *''Stenaelurillus bandama'' Logunov & Azarkina, 2018 – Ivory Coast *''Stenaelurillus belihuloya'' Logunov & Azarkina, 2018 – Sri Lanka *''Stenaelurillus brandbergensis'' ( Wesolowska, 2006) – Namibia *''Stenaelurillus darwini'' Wesolowska & Ru ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Palpal Bulb
The two palpal bulbs – also known as palpal organs and genital bulbs – are the copulatory organs of a male spider. They are borne on the last segment of the pedipalps (the front "limbs" of a spider), giving the spider an appearance often described as like wearing boxing gloves. The palpal bulb does not actually produce sperm, being used only to transfer it to the female. Palpal bulbs are only fully developed in adult male spiders and are not completely visible until after the final moult. In the majority of species of spider, the bulbs have complex shapes and are important in identification. Structure The palpal bulb of a mature male spider is borne on the last segment of the pedipalp. This segment usually has touch-sensitive hairs (setae) with nerves leading to them. The bulb itself is entirely without nerves, and hence without sensory organs and muscles, since these depend on nerves for their functioning, although some spiders have one or two muscles external to the bulb a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pedipalp
Pedipalps (commonly shortened to palps or palpi) are the second pair of appendages of chelicerates – a group of arthropods including spiders, scorpions, horseshoe crabs, and sea spiders. The pedipalps are lateral to the chelicerae ("jaws") and anterior to the first pair of walking legs. Overview Pedipalps are composed of six segments or articles: the coxa, the trochanter, the femur, the short patella, the tibia, and the tarsus. In spiders, the coxae frequently have extensions called maxillae or gnathobases, which function as mouth parts with or without some contribution from the coxae of the anterior legs. The limbs themselves may be simple tactile organs outwardly resembling the legs, as in spiders, or chelate weapons ( pincers) of great size, as in scorpions. The pedipalps of Solifugae are covered in setae, but have not been studied in detail. Comparative studies of pedipalpal morphology may suggest that leg-like pedipalps are primitive in arachnids. At present, t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
.jpg "Click for more on -> Endemism")
