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Stack V. Boyle
''Stack v. Boyle'', 342 U.S. 1 (1951), was a United States Supreme Court case involving the arrest of members of the Communist Party who were charged with conspiring to violate the Smith Act. The case regards the Eighth Amendment issue of excessive bail. The District Court had set bail at the fixed amount of $50,000 (roughly $500,000 in 2017) for each of the petitioners. This was an amount greater than that used with other serious crimes. The defendants moved to reduce bail, claiming that it was “excessive” under the Eighth Amendment. The defendants were detained in the custody of appellee, United States Marshal James J. Boyle. Overview In 1951, 12 members of the Communist Party were arrested in the Southern District of California. Upon their arrest and on motion of the government to increase bail in the case of other petitioners, bail was fixed in the District Court for the Southern District of California at $50,000 for each person. The petitioners then moved to reduce ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Eighth Amendment To The United States Constitution
The Eighth Amendment (Amendment VIII) to the United States Constitution protects against imposing excessive bail, excessive fines, or cruel and unusual punishments. This amendment was adopted on December 15, 1791, along with the rest of the United States Bill of Rights. The amendment serves as a limitation upon the federal government to impose unduly harsh penalties on criminal defendants before and after a conviction. This limitation applies equally to the price for obtaining pretrial release and the punishment for crime after conviction. The phrases in this amendment originated in the English Bill of Rights of 1689. The prohibition against cruel and unusual punishments has led courts to hold that the Constitution totally prohibits certain kinds of punishment, such as drawing and quartering. Under the Cruel and Unusual Punishment Clause, the Supreme Court has struck down the application of capital punishment in some instances, but capital punishment is still permitted in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Subversion
Subversion () refers to a process by which the values and principles of a system in place are contradicted or reversed in an attempt to transform the established social order and its structures of power, authority, hierarchy, and social norms. Subversion can be described as an attack on the public morale and, "the will to resist intervention are the products of combined political and social or class loyalties which are usually attached to national symbols. Following penetration, and parallel with the forced disintegration of political and social institutions of the state, these tendencies may be detached and transferred to the political or ideological cause of the aggressor". Subversion is used as a tool to achieve political goals because it generally carries less risk, cost, and difficulty as opposed to open belligerency. Furthermore, it is a relatively cheap form of warfare that does not require large amounts of training. A subversive is something or someone carrying the potential ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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William Schneiderman
William V. Schneiderman (December 14, 1905 – January 29, 1985) was an American politician activist who was secretary for California in the Communist Party USA (CPUSA) and involved in two cases before the United States Supreme Court, ''Stack v. Boyle'' and '' Schneiderman v. United States''. Background William V. Schneiderman was born on December 14, 1905, in Romanovo, Russian Empire, and came with his parents to Chicago at the age of two. In the 1920s, the Schneiderman family moved to Los Angeles. He studied political science at the University of California at Los Angeles but had to drop out to help support his family and completed his degree forty years later. Circa 1921, Schneiderman joined the Young Communist League at age 16, and circa 1923 the Communist Party (then the Workers Party of America) at age eighteen. In 1927, he became a naturalized citizen. Career In 1925, thSimon Levi Companyfired Schneiderman, "fingered by the Red Squad." In 1930, the Party mad ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Democratic Socialists Of America
The Democratic Socialists of America (DSA) is a Left-wing politics, left-wing Democratic Socialists of America#Tendencies within the DSA, multi-tendency Socialism, socialist and Labour movement, labor-oriented political organization. Its roots are in the Socialist Party of America (SPA), whose leaders included Eugene V. Debs, Norman Thomas and Michael Harrington. In 1973, Harrington, the leader of a minority faction that had opposed the SPA's transformation into the Social Democrats, USA (SDUSA) during the party's 1972 national convention, formed the Democratic Socialist Organizing Committee (DSOC). The DSOC, which Harrington described as "the remnant of a remnant", soon became the largest democratic socialist group in the United States. In 1982, it merged with the New American Movement (NAM), a coalition of intellectuals with roots in the New Left movements of the 1960s and former members of socialist and communist parties of the Old Left. Initially, the organization consisted ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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New American Movement
The New American Movement (NAM) was an American New Left multi-tendency socialist and feminist political organization established in 1971. The NAM continued an independent existence until 1983, when it merged with Michael Harrington's Democratic Socialist Organizing Committee to establish the Democratic Socialists of America. Organizational history Establishment The NAM was established at a conference held in Davenport, Iowa in December 1971 by radical political activists seeking to create a successor organization to Students for a Democratic Society (SDS).Stephen E. Atkins, ''Encyclopedia of Modern American Extremists and Extremist Groups.'' Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2002; pg. 222. SDS, the leading organization of the New Left movement in the United States, had recently disintegrated into warring political sects and the need was perceived for a broad-based new organization free of sectarian rancor. The founding activists behind the NAM were vigorous opponents of t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Culbert Olson
Culbert Levy Olson (November 7, 1876 – April 13, 1962) was an American lawyer and politician. A Democratic Party member, Olson was involved in Utah and California politics and was elected as the 29th governor of California from 1939 to 1943. Early life and education Olson was born in Fillmore, Utah, the son of Delilah Cornelia (née King) and George Daniel Olson, on November 7, 1876. Olson's mother was a suffragette and became the first female elected official in Utah. His first cousin was U.S. Senator William H. King, and both were descendants of Edmund Rice, an early immigrant to Massachusetts Bay Colony. Olson's mother and father belonged to the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. However, Culbert was unconvinced of the existence of God, and became an atheist at the age of ten. Leaving school at the age of 14, Olson worked briefly as a telegraph operator. In 1890, he enrolled at Brigham Young University in Provo, where he studied law and journalism. Career ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Young Communist League
The Young Communist League (YCL) is the name used by the youth wing of various Communist parties around the world. The name YCL of XXX (name of country) originates from the precedent established by the Communist Youth International. Examples of YCLs include: * Australia – Young Communist League of Australia (now defunct; its eventual successor merged with the Left Alliance) * Britain – Young Communist League * Canada – Young Communist League of Canada * Cuba – Young Communist League * France – Mouvement Jeunes Communistes de France * Germany – Young Communist League of Germany * Norway – Young Communist League of Norway * Nepal – Young Communist League, Nepal * Portugal – Young Communist League of Portugal * Sweden – Young Communist League of Sweden * U.S. – Young Communist League USA * Russia – Leninist Young Communist League of the Russian Federation In the Soviet Union the YCL was known as the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Warsaw Pact Invasion Of Czechoslovakia
The Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia refers to the events of 20–21 August 1968, when the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic was jointly invaded by four Warsaw Pact countries: the Soviet Union, the Polish People's Republic, the People's Republic of Bulgaria and the Hungarian People's Republic. The invasion stopped Alexander Dubček's Prague Spring liberalisation reforms and strengthened the authoritarian wing of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (KSČ). About 250,000 Warsaw Pact troops (afterwards rising to about 500,000), supported by thousands of tanks and hundreds of aircraft, participated in the overnight operation, which was code-named Operation Danube. The Socialist Republic of Romania and the People's Republic of Albania refused to participate, while East German forces, except for a small number of specialists, were ordered by Moscow not to cross the Czechoslovak border just hours before the invasion because of fears of greater resistance if German troops were in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Joseph McCarthy
Joseph Raymond McCarthy (November 14, 1908 – May 2, 1957) was an American politician who served as a Republican U.S. Senator from the state of Wisconsin from 1947 until his death in 1957. Beginning in 1950, McCarthy became the most visible public face of a period in the United States in which Cold War tensions fueled fears of widespread communist subversion. He is known for alleging that numerous communists and Soviet spies and sympathizers had infiltrated the United States federal government, universities, film industry, and elsewhere. Ultimately, he was censured for refusing to cooperate with, and abusing members of, the committee established to investigate whether or not he should be censured. The term "McCarthyism", coined in 1950 in reference to McCarthy's practices, was soon applied to similar anti-communist activities. Today, the term is used more broadly to mean demagogic, reckless, and unsubstantiated accusations, as well as public attacks on the character o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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People's World
''People's World'', official successor to the '' Daily Worker'', is a Marxist and American leftist national daily online news publication. Founded by activists, socialists, communists, and those active in the labor movement in the early 1900s, the current publication is a result of a merger between the ''Daily World'' and the West Coast weekly paper ''People's Daily World'' in 1987. History ''People's World'' traces its lineage to the ''Daily Worker'' newspaper, founded by communists, socialists, union members, and other activists in Chicago in 1924. On the front page of its first edition, the paper declared that "big business interests, bankers, merchant princes, landlords, and other profiteers" should fear the Daily Worker. It pledged to "raise the standards of struggle against the few who rob and plunder the many". The current publication is a result of a merger between the ''Daily World'' (formerly known as the ''Daily Worker'') and the West Coast weekly paper ''People's Dai ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Al Richmond
Al Richmond (1914?-1987) was an American writer who co-founded and served as executive editor for the ''People's World'' San Francisco. Background Al Richmond was born in 1914 in the Russian Empire. His mother, a revolutionary left for the USA after six years in a czarist prison, returned to Russia in 1917 to retrieve her son, faced arrest by German soldiers. They came back to the United States in 1922. Worked as Union Activist Career In 1929, age 15, Richmond joined the Young Communist League (YCL). After high school, he moved to Philadelphia and helped unionize factory and dock workers. In the 1930s, he wrote for ''Daily Worker'' and then moved West to co-found what was originally the ''Daily People's World'' (now ''People's World'') newspaper. Richmond also edited the ''Sunday Worker'', a weekly newspaper launched in January 1936 to try to reach more broadly than the ''Daily Worker'', with James S. Allen as foreign editor. After a 1951 raid by the Federal Bureau of Inve ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Bayonet
A bayonet (from French ) is a knife, dagger, sword, or spike-shaped weapon designed to fit on the end of the muzzle of a rifle, musket or similar firearm, allowing it to be used as a spear-like weapon.Brayley, Martin, ''Bayonets: An Illustrated History'', Iola, WI: Krause Publications, , (2004), pp. 9–10, 83–85. From the 17th century to World War I, it was a weapon for infantry attacks. Today it is considered an ancillary weapon or a weapon of last resort. History The term ''bayonette'' itself dates back to the mid-to-late 16th century, but it is not clear whether bayonets at the time were knives that could be fitted to the ends of firearms, or simply a type of knife. For example, Cotgrave's 1611 ''Dictionarie'' describes the bayonet as "a kind of small flat pocket dagger, furnished with knives; or a great knife to hang at the girdle". Likewise, Pierre Borel wrote in 1655 that a kind of long-knife called a ''bayonette'' was made in Bayonne but does not give any ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |