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Square Wave (waveform)
A square wave is a non-sinusoidal waveform, non-sinusoidal periodic waveform in which the amplitude alternates at a steady frequency between fixed minimum and maximum values, with the same duration at minimum and maximum. In an ideal square wave, the transitions between minimum and maximum are instantaneous. The square wave is a special case of a pulse wave which allows arbitrary durations at minimum and maximum amplitudes. The ratio of the high period to the total period of a pulse wave is called the duty cycle. A true square wave has a 50% duty cycle (equal high and low periods). Square waves are often encountered in electronics and signal processing, particularly digital electronics and digital signal processing. Its stochastic counterpart is a two-state trajectory. Origin and uses Square waves are universally encountered in digital switching circuits and are naturally generated by binary (two-level) logic devices. They are used as timing references or "clock signa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sine Wave
A sine wave, sinusoidal wave, or sinusoid (symbol: ∿) is a periodic function, periodic wave whose waveform (shape) is the trigonometric function, trigonometric sine, sine function. In mechanics, as a linear motion over time, this is ''simple harmonic motion''; as rotation, it corresponds to ''uniform circular motion''. Sine waves occur often in physics, including wind waves, sound waves, and light waves, such as monochromatic radiation. In engineering, signal processing, and mathematics, Fourier analysis decomposes general functions into a sum of sine waves of various frequencies, relative phases, and magnitudes. When any two sine waves of the same frequency (but arbitrary phase (waves), phase) are linear combination, linearly combined, the result is another sine wave of the same frequency; this property is unique among periodic waves. Conversely, if some phase is chosen as a zero reference, a sine wave of arbitrary phase can be written as the linear combination of two sine wa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Electromagnetic Radiation
In physics, electromagnetic radiation (EMR) is a self-propagating wave of the electromagnetic field that carries momentum and radiant energy through space. It encompasses a broad spectrum, classified by frequency or its inverse, wavelength, ranging from radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X-rays, and gamma rays. All forms of EMR travel at the speed of light in a vacuum and exhibit wave–particle duality, behaving both as waves and as discrete particles called photons. Electromagnetic radiation is produced by accelerating charged particles such as from the Sun and other celestial bodies or artificially generated for various applications. Its interaction with matter depends on wavelength, influencing its uses in communication, medicine, industry, and scientific research. Radio waves enable broadcasting and wireless communication, infrared is used in thermal imaging, visible light is essential for vision, and higher-energy radiation, such ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Spectrum Square Oscillation
A spectrum (: spectra or spectrums) is a set of related ideas, objects, or properties whose features overlap such that they blend to form a continuum. The word ''spectrum'' was first used scientifically in optics to describe the rainbow of colors in visible light after passing through a prism. In the optical spectrum, light wavelength is viewed as continuous, and spectral colors are seen to blend into one another smoothly when organized in order of their corresponding wavelengths. As scientific understanding of light advanced, the term came to apply to the entire electromagnetic spectrum, including radiation not visible to the human eye. ''Spectrum'' has since been applied by analogy to topics outside optics. Thus, one might talk about the " spectrum of political opinion", or the "spectrum of activity" of a drug, or the "autism spectrum". In these uses, values within a spectrum may not be associated with precisely quantifiable numbers or definitions. Such uses imply a broad r ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Floor Function
In mathematics, the floor function is the function that takes as input a real number , and gives as output the greatest integer less than or equal to , denoted or . Similarly, the ceiling function maps to the least integer greater than or equal to , denoted or . For example, for floor: , , and for ceiling: , and . The floor of is also called the integral part, integer part, greatest integer, or entier of , and was historically denoted (among other notations). However, the same term, ''integer part'', is also used for truncation towards zero, which differs from the floor function for negative numbers. For an integer , . Although and produce graphs that appear exactly alike, they are not the same when the value of is an exact integer. For example, when , . However, if , then , while . Notation The ''integral part'' or ''integer part'' of a number ( in the original) was first defined in 1798 by Adrien-Marie Legendre in his proof of the Legendre's formula. Ca ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rectangular Function
The rectangular function (also known as the rectangle function, rect function, Pi function, Heaviside Pi function, gate function, unit pulse, or the normalized boxcar function) is defined as \operatorname\left(\frac\right) = \Pi\left(\frac\right) = \left\{\begin{array}{rl} 0, & \text{if } , t, > \frac{a}{2} \\ \frac{1}{2}, & \text{if } , t, = \frac{a}{2} \\ 1, & \text{if } , t, \frac{1}{2} \\ \frac{1}{2} & \mbox{if } , t, = \frac{1}{2} \\ 1 & \mbox{if } , t, < \frac{1}{2}. \\ \end{cases} Dirac delta function The rectangle function can be used to represent the . Specifically,For a function , its average over the w ...[...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Heaviside Step Function
The Heaviside step function, or the unit step function, usually denoted by or (but sometimes , or ), is a step function named after Oliver Heaviside, the value of which is zero for negative arguments and one for positive arguments. Different conventions concerning the value are in use. It is an example of the general class of step functions, all of which can be represented as linear combinations of translations of this one. The function was originally developed in operational calculus for the solution of differential equations, where it represents a signal that switches on at a specified time and stays switched on indefinitely. Heaviside developed the operational calculus as a tool in the analysis of telegraphic communications and represented the function as . Formulation Taking the convention that , the Heaviside function may be defined as: * a piecewise function: H(x) := \begin 1, & x \geq 0 \\ 0, & x * an indicator function: H(x) := \mathbf_=\mathbf 1_(x) For the al ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Period (physics)
Period may refer to: Common uses * Period (punctuation) * Era, a length or span of time *Menstruation, commonly referred to as a "period" Arts, entertainment, and media * Period (music), a concept in musical composition * Periodic sentence (or rhetorical period), a concept in grammar and literary style. * Period, a descriptor for a historical or period drama * Period, a timeframe in which a particular style of antique furniture or some other work of art was produced, such as the "Edwardian period" * '' Period (Another American Lie)'', a 1987 album by B.A.L.L. * ''Period'' (Kesha album), an upcoming album by Kesha * ''Period'' (mixtape), a 2018 mixtape by City Girls * ''Period'', the final book in Dennis Cooper's George Miles cycle of novels * '' Periods.'', a comedy film series Mathematics * In a repeating decimal, the length of the repetend * Period of a function, length or duration after which a function repeats itself * Period (algebraic geometry), numbers that can be ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sign Function
In mathematics, the sign function or signum function (from '' signum'', Latin for "sign") is a function that has the value , or according to whether the sign of a given real number is positive or negative, or the given number is itself zero. In mathematical notation the sign function is often represented as \sgn x or \sgn (x). Definition The signum function of a real number x is a piecewise function which is defined as follows: \sgn x :=\begin -1 & \text x 0. \end The law of trichotomy states that every real number must be positive, negative or zero. The signum function denotes which unique category a number falls into by mapping it to one of the values , or which can then be used in mathematical expressions or further calculations. For example: \begin \sgn(2) &=& +1\,, \\ \sgn(\pi) &=& +1\,, \\ \sgn(-8) &=& -1\,, \\ \sgn(-\frac) &=& -1\,, \\ \sgn(0) &=& 0\,. \end Basic properties Any real number can be expressed as the product of its absolute value and its sig ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rademacher Function
In mathematics, in particular in functional analysis, the Rademacher system, named after Hans Rademacher, is an incomplete orthogonal system of functions on the unit interval of the following form: : \. The Rademacher system is stochastically independent, and is closely related to the Walsh Walsh may refer to: People and fictional characters * Walsh (surname), including a list of people and fictional characters Places Australia * Mount Walsh, Mount Walsh National Park Canada * Fort Walsh, one of the first Royal Canadian Mounted ... system. Specifically, the Walsh system can be constructed as a product of Rademacher functions. To see that the Rademacher system is an incomplete orthogonal system and not an orthonormal basis, consider the function on the unit interval defined by the following equation: f(t) = 4 \left, x-\frac 12\ - 1 This function is orthogonal to all the functions in the Rademacher system, yet is nonzero. References * * * * External links Rademac ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Electric Guitar
An electric guitar is a guitar that requires external electric Guitar amplifier, sound amplification in order to be heard at typical performance volumes, unlike a standard acoustic guitar. It uses one or more pickup (music technology), pickups to convert the vibration of its strings into Electrical signal, electrical signals, which ultimately are reproduced as sound by loudspeakers. The sound is sometimes shaped or electronically altered to achieve different timbres or tonal qualities via amplifier settings or knobs on the guitar. Often, this is done through the use of Effects unit, effects such as reverb, Distortion (music), distortion and "overdrive"; the latter is considered to be a key element of electric blues guitar music and jazz, rock music, rock and Heavy metal music, heavy metal guitar playing. Designs also exist combining attributes of electric and acoustic guitars: the Semi-acoustic guitar, semi-acoustic and Acoustic-electric guitar, acoustic-electric guitars. Inven ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Subtractive Synthesis
Subtractive synthesis is a method of sound synthesis in which Harmonic_series_(music)#Partial.2C_harmonic.2C_fundamental.2C_inharmonicity.2C_and_overtone, overtones of an audio signal are attenuated by a audio filter, filter to alter the timbre of the sound. Overview Subtractive synthesis relies on source sounds that have overtones, such as Sine wave, non-sinusoidal waveforms like Square wave (waveform), square and triangle wave, triangle waves, or white noise, white and pink noise. These overtones are then Modulation, modulated to alter the source sound. This modulation can happen in a wide variety of ways, such as Voltage-controlled filter, voltage-controlled or low-pass filter, low-pass filters. The technology developed in experimental electronic studios which were primarily focused on telecommunications and military applications. Early examples include Bell Labs' Voder (1937–8). Composers began applying the concept of subtractive synthesis beyond the recording studio in conc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
