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Social Desirability
In social science research social-desirability bias is a type of response bias that is the tendency of survey respondents to answer questions in a manner that will be viewed favorably by others. It can take the form of over-reporting "good behavior" or under-reporting "bad" or undesirable behavior. The tendency poses a serious problem with conducting research with self-reports. This bias interferes with the interpretation of average tendencies as well as individual differences. Topics subject to social-desirability bias Topics where socially desirable responding (SDR) is of special concern are self-reports of abilities, personality, sexual behavior, and drug use. When confronted with the question "How often do you masturbate?," for example, respondents may be pressured by a social taboo against masturbation, and either under-report the frequency or avoid answering the question. Therefore, the mean rates of masturbation derived from self-report surveys are likely to be severel ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Social Research
Social research is research conducted by social scientists following a systematic plan. Social research methodologies can be classified as quantitative and qualitative. * Quantitative designs approach social phenomena through quantifiable evidence, and often rely on statistical analyses of many cases (or across intentionally designed treatments in an experiment) to create valid and reliable general claims. * Qualitative designs emphasize understanding of social phenomena through direct observation, communication with participants, or analyses of texts, and may stress contextual subjective accuracy over generality. Most methods contain elements of both. For example, qualitative data analysis often involves a fairly structured approach to coding raw data into systematic information and quantifying intercoder reliability. There is often a more complex relationship between "qualitative" and "quantitative" approaches than would be suggested by drawing a simple distinction bet ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bigotry
Prejudice can be an affective feeling towards a person based on their perceived social group membership. The word is often used to refer to a preconceived (usually unfavourable) evaluation or classification of another person based on that person's perceived personal characteristics, such as political affiliation, sex, gender, gender identity, beliefs, values, social class, friendship, age, disability, religion, sexuality, race, ethnicity, language, nationality, culture, complexion, beauty, height, body weight, occupation, wealth, education, criminality, sport-team affiliation, music tastes or other perceived characteristics. The word "prejudice" can also refer to unfounded or pigeonholed beliefs and it may apply to "any unreasonable attitude that is unusually resistant to rational influence". Gordon Allport defined prejudice as a "feeling, favorable or unfavorable, toward a person or thing, prior to, or not based on, actual experience". Auestad (2015) defines pr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bradley Effect
The Bradley effect, less commonly known as the Wilder effect, is a theory concerning observed discrepancies between voter opinion polls and election outcomes in some United States government elections where a white and a non-white candidate run against each other.Reddy, Patrick. (January 20, 2002).Does McCall Have A Chance?, ''Buffalo News'', p. H1 The theory proposes that some white voters who intend to vote for the white candidate will nonetheless tell pollsters that they are undecided or likely to vote for the non-white candidate. It was named after Los Angeles Mayor Tom Bradley, an African-American who lost the 1982 California gubernatorial election to California attorney general George Deukmejian, an Armenian-American, despite Bradley's being ahead in voter polls going into the elections. The Bradley effect posits that the inaccurate polls were skewed by the phenomenon of social desirability bias. Specifically, some voters give inaccurate polling responses for fear that, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Biased Random Walk On A Graph
Bias is an inclination toward something, or a predisposition, partiality, prejudice, preference, or predilection. Bias may also refer to: Scientific method and statistics * The bias introduced into an experiment through a confounder * Algorithmic bias, machine learning algorithms that exhibit politically unacceptable behavior * Cultural bias, interpreting and judging phenomena in terms particular to one's own culture * Funding bias, bias relative to the commercial interests of a study's financial sponsor * Reactivity bias, a bias resulting from participants behaving differently when they know they are being observed. In survey research this is sometimes called response bias. ** Hawthorne effect, often relates to improving performance in response to an intervention ** John Henry effect, sometimes relates to a behavioural change due to rivalry between groups, which may have negative outcomes ** Observer-expectancy effect, is when researcher expectations influence par ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bogus Pipeline
The bogus pipeline is a fake polygraph used to get participants to truthfully respond to emotional/affective questions in a survey. It is a technique used by social psychologists to reduce false answers when attempting to collect self-report data. As an example, social desirability is a common reason for warped survey results. The bogus pipeline was first used in the spring of 1971 by psychology professor Harold Sigall at the University of Rochester. He wanted to know if prejudices of white people towards black people had really declined, as surveys reported, or if they were secretly still in force. Today, the bogus pipeline is still used when trying to measure an individual's affect or attitudes toward certain stimuli. In this technique, the person whose attitude or emotion is being measured is told that they are being monitored by a machine or a polygraph (lie detector), resulting in more truthful answers. The electrodes and wires that are connected to this individual are actuall ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Unmatched Count
In psychology and social research, unmatched count, or item count, is a technique to improve, through anonymity, the number of true answers to possibly embarrassing or self-incriminating questions. It is very simple to use but yields only the ''number'' of people bearing the property of interest and leads to a larger sampling error than direct questions. It was introduced by Raghavarao and Federer in 1979.{{cite journal , title=Block Total Response as an Alternative to the Randomized Response Method in Surveys , author=D. Raghavarao and W. T. Federer , journal=Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series B , year=1979 , volume=41 , issue=1 , pages=40–45 Method The participants of the survey are divided into two groups at random. One group, the control group, is given a few harmless questions, while the other group gets an additional question regarding the property of interest. The respondents are to reveal only the ''number'' of "yes" answers they have given. Since t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Randomized Response
Randomised response is a research method used in structured survey interview. It was first proposed by S. L. Warner in 1965 and later modified by B. G. Greenberg and coauthors in 1969. It allows respondents to respond to sensitive issues (such as criminal behavior or sexuality) while maintaining confidentiality. Chance decides, unknown to the interviewer, whether the question is to be answered truthfully, or "yes", regardless of the truth. For example, social scientists have used it to ask people whether they use drugs, whether they have illegally installed telephones, or whether they have evaded paying taxes. Before abortions were legal, social scientists used the method to ask women whether they had had abortions. The concept is somewhat similar to plausible deniability. Plausible deniability allows the subject to credibly say that they did not make a statement, while the randomized response technique allows the subject to credibly say that they had not been truthful when making ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Computer-assisted Personal Interviewing
Computer-assisted personal interviewing (CAPI) is an interviewing technique in which the respondent or interviewer uses an electronic device to answer the questions. It is similar to computer-assisted telephone interviewing, except that the interview takes place in person instead of over the telephone. This method is usually preferred over a telephone interview when the questionnaire is long and complex. It has been classified as a personal interviewing technique because an interviewer is usually present to serve as a host and to guide the respondent. If no interviewer is present, the term ''Computer-Assisted Self Interviewing (CASI)'' may be used. An example of a situation in which CAPI is used as the method of data collection is the British Crime Survey. Characteristics of this interviewing technique are: * Either the respondent or an interviewer operates a device (this could be a laptop, a tablet or a smartphone) and answers a questionnaire. * The questionnaire is an applicati ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Impression Management
Impression management is a conscious or subconscious process in which people attempt to influence the perceptions of other people about a person, object or event by regulating and controlling information in social interaction.Sanaria, A. D. (2016). A conceptual framework for understanding the impression management strategies used by women in indian organizations. South Asian Journal of Human Resources Management, 3(1), 25-39. https://doi.org/10.1177/2322093716631118 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/299373178_A_Conceptual_Framework_for_Understanding_the_Impression_Management_Strategies_Used_by_Women_in_Indian_Organizations It was first conceptualized by Erving Goffman in 1956 in '' The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life,'' and then was expanded upon in 1967. Impression management behaviors include accounts (providing "explanations for a negative event to escape disapproval"), excuses (denying "responsibility for negative outcomes"), and opinion conformity ("speak(ing) o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Balanced Inventory Of Desirable Responding
The Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding (BIDR) is a psychometric tool that serves as a 40-item self-report questionnaire. BIDR assesses the potential social desirability bias in respondents' answers and further shows the composition of impression management (IM) and self-deception enhancement (SDE) within that bias.Paulhus, D. L. (1998). Balanced inventory of desirable responding. ''Journal of Personality and Social Psychology''. https://doi.org/10.1037/t08059-000 BIDR was developed by Paulhus in 1988 based on his Two-Component Model of social desirability,Paulhus, D. L. (1984). Two-component models of socially desirable responding. ''Journal of personality and social psychology'', ''46''(3), 598. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1984-17817-001 with the aim of addressing the dispute regarding whether social desirability should be controlled in research.Paulhus, D. L. (1986). Self-deception and impression management in test responses. In ''Personality assessment via questionn ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Delroy L
Delroy is a masculine Jamaican given name and a surname. Notable people with the name include: Given name People * Delroy Allen (born 1954), retired Jamaican-American soccer goalkeeper * Del Bryan (born 1967), British former boxer * Delroy Cambridge (born 1949), Jamaican professional golfer * Delroy Chuck, Jamaican lawyer, journalist and politician * Delroy Clarke (born 1982), Canadian football cornerback * Delroy Denton (born c. 1971, Jamaican gangster, rapist and suspected serial killer * Delroy Edwards (refugee) (1959–2005), Jamaican-born refugee, refused political asylum in UK, killed by a gang following his return * Delroy Facey (born 1980), British-Grenadian footballer * Delroy Foster, aka Delly Ranx, Jamaican dancehall deejay and record producer * Delroy Grant (born 1957), Jamaican-born British convicted serial rapist * Delroy Leslie (born 1970), retired boxer from Jamaica * Delroy Lindo (born 1952), British-born Jamaican American actor * Delroy McLean (born 1972), b ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Marlowe–Crowne Social Desirability Scale
The Marlowe–Crowne Social Desirability Scale (MC–SDS) is a 33-item self-report questionnaire that assesses whether or not respondents are concerned with social approval. The scale was created by Douglas P. Crowne and David Marlowe in 1960 in an effort to measure social desirability bias, which is considered one of the most common biases affecting survey research. The MC–SDS has been listed in more than 1,000 articles and dissertations. History The scale consists of 33 items which were defined to be culturally acceptable but unlikely to occur, and also to have minimal abnormal implications for either the socially desirable or socially undesirable responses. Faculty members and graduate students of Ohio State University's Department of Psychology scored 50 items as either socially desirable or socially undesirable; those 47 items which had at least 90% agreement became the initial form of the MC–SDS. Of the 47 items, the 33 which discriminated between high and low scores at t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
