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Siouan-Catawban Language
Siouan ( ), also known as Siouan–Catawban ( ), is a language family of North America located primarily in the Great Plains, Ohio and Mississippi valleys and southeastern North America with a few other languages in the east. Name Authors who call the entire family ''Siouan'' distinguish the two branches as Western Siouan and Eastern Siouan or as "Siouan-proper" and "Catawban". Others restrict the name "Siouan" to the western branch and use the name ''Siouan–Catawban'' for the entire family. Generally, however, the name "Siouan" is used without distinction. Family division The Siouan family consists of some 20 languages and various dialects: * Siouan ** Western Siouan *** Mandan **** Nuptare **** Nuetare *** Missouri River Siouan (a.k.a. Crow–Hidatsa) **** Crow (a.k.a. Absaroka, Apsaroka, Apsaalooke, Upsaroka) – 3,500 speakers **** Hidatsa (a.k.a. Minitari, Minnetaree) – 200 speakers *** Mississippi Valley Siouan (a.k.a. Central Siouan) ****Mitchigamea? **** Da ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
North America
North America is a continent in the Northern Hemisphere, Northern and Western Hemisphere, Western hemispheres. North America is bordered to the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, to the southeast by South America and the Caribbean Sea, and to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean. The region includes Middle America (Americas), Middle America (comprising the Caribbean, Central America, and Mexico) and Northern America. North America covers an area of about , representing approximately 16.5% of Earth's land area and 4.8% of its total surface area. It is the third-largest continent by size after Asia and Africa, and the list of continents and continental subregions by population, fourth-largest continent by population after Asia, Africa, and Europe. , North America's population was estimated as over 592 million people in list of sovereign states and dependent territories in North America, 23 independent states, or about 7.5% of the world's popula ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chiwere Language
Chiwere (also called Iowa–Otoe–Missouria or ) is a Siouan languages, Siouan language originally spoken by the Missouria, Otoe, and Iowa people, Iowa peoples, who originated in the Great Lakes region but later moved throughout the Midwest and plains. The language is closely related to Winnebago language, Ho-Chunk, also known as Winnebago. Non-Native Christian Missionary, missionaries first documented Chiwere in the 1830s, but since then not much material has been published about the language. Chiwere suffered a steady decline after extended European American contact in the 1850s, and by 1940 the language had almost totally ceased to be spoken. "Tciwere itce" (in the Otoe dialect) and "Tcekiwere itce" (in the Iowa dialect) translate to "To speak the home dialect." The name "Chiwere" is said to originate from a person meeting a stranger in the dark. If a stranger in the dark challenged a person to identify their self, that person might respond "I am Tci-we-re" (Otoe) or "I am ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Woccon Language
Woccon was one of two attested Catawban (also known as Eastern Siouan) languages of what is now the Eastern United States. Together with the Western Siouan languages, they formed the Siouan language family. It is attested only in a vocabulary of 143 words, printed in a 1709 compilation by English colonist John Lawson of Carolina. The Woccon people that Lawson encountered have been considered by some scholars, including John R. Swanton, to have possibly been a late subdivision of the Waccamaw. Contemporary linguists and researchers have been unable to resolve whether Woccon directly represents the language of the historic Waccamaw people, as opposed to representing a related Catawban language. The Woccon are believed to have been decimated as a people during the Tuscarora War in the Carolinas with English colonists in 1713. Survivors were likely absorbed into the Tuscarora, an Iroquoian-speaking people, who subsequently migrated north to New York, settling with the five na ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Catawba Language
Catawba () is one of two Eastern Siouan languages of the eastern US, which together with the Western Siouan languages formed the Siouan language family. The last native, fluent speaker of Catawba was Samuel Taylor Blue, who died in 1959.Thomas J. Blummer, ''Catawba Indian Nation: Treasures in History'' (The History Press, 2007), p. 101 The Catawba people are now working to revitalize and preserve the Catawba language. Phonology Consonants * // rarely occurs. * [] occurs as an allophone of //. Vowels : : : * Short vowel sounds // can be heard as lax, ranging to []. * // can range to [], and a short // can range to a back vowel sound []. Orthography A Catawba alphabet was created by the Catawba Language Project for the Catawba language, as part of a revitalization effort for the language and the creation of an app for it. * The aspirated is used in the word: 'thank you'. * The ⟨ʔ⟩ is written in different ways like ⟨ɂ⟩ and ⟨ˀ⟩ in some tex ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ofo Language
Ofo ( ), also known as Mosopelea, is a language formerly spoken by the Ofo people, also called the Mosopelea, in what is now Ohio, along the Ohio River, until about 1673. The tribe moved south along the Mississippi River to Mississippi, near the Natchez people, and then to Louisiana, settling near the Tunica. In the 18th century, the Mosopelea were known under the names ''Oufé'' and ''Offogoula''. On the basis of the presence of the phoneme /f/ in these names, early linguists once suspected that Ofo was a Muskogean language. However, anthropologist John R. Swanton met an elder Ofo speaker, Rosa Pierrette, in 1908 while he was conducting fieldwork among the Tunica. From her information, he was then able to confirm that the language was Siouan and was similar to Biloxi. Pierrette had spoken Ofo as a child, but Swanton says she told him that the rest of her tribe "had killed each other off" when she was 17. Phonology Ofo follows a process similar to Grassmann's law, with count ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Biloxi Language
Biloxi is an extinct Siouan language, formerly spoken by the Native American Biloxi tribe in present-day Mississippi, Louisiana, and southeastern Texas. History The Biloxi tribe first encountered Europeans in 1699, along the Pascagoula River. By the mid-18th century, they had settled in central Louisiana. Some Biloxi were also noted in Texas in the early 19th century. By the early 19th century, their numbers had already begun to dwindle. By 1934, the last native speaker, Emma Jackson, was in her eighties. Morris Swadesh and Mary Haas spoke with her in 1934 and confirmed that Jackson knew the language. Classification Biloxi is an Ohio Valley, or Southeastern, Siouan language. It is related to Ofo and Tutelo. Phonology Multiple possible inventories have been suggested. This article follows that of Einaudi (1976). Vowels Along with contrastive nasalization, Biloxi also has phonemic vowel length. Notes :A. May be either open-mid or close-mid. :B. Biloxi m ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Moneton
The Moneton were a historical Native Americans in the United States, Native American tribe from West Virginia. In the late 17th century, they lived in the Kanawha Valley near the Kanawha River, Kanawha and New River (Kanawha River), New Rivers. Name Their name translates to "Big Water" people. In the 1670s, Abraham Wood wrote their name "Moneton" and as another variant, "Monyton." Territory The Moneton lived in southern West Virginia, along the Kanawha River. Their settlements were near the Manahoac, Moneton, and Tutelo, Siouan language–speaking tribes of Virginia.John R. Swanton''Indian Tribes of North America'' p. 61. History The Moneton may have been a Fort Ancient culture,Rice and Brown, ''West Virginia'', p. 9. an Indigenous culture that thrived from 1000 to 1750 CE in the Ohio River Valley. They might have been related to the Shawnee, an Algonquian languages, Algonquian-speaking people. The first written mention of the Moneton was made by English settler Thomas ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tutelo Language
Tutelo, also known as Tutelo– Saponi (), is a member of the Virginian branch of Siouan languages that were originally spoken in what is now Virginia and West Virginia in the United States. Most Tutelo speakers migrated north to escape warfare. They traveled through North Carolina, Pennsylvania, and New York. In 1753, the Tutelo had joined the Iroquois Confederacy under the sponsorship of the Cayuga. They finally settled in Ontario after the American Revolutionary War at what is now known as Six Nations of the Grand River First Nation. Nikonha, the last fluent speaker in Tutelo country, died in 1871 at age 106. The year before, he had managed to impart about 100 words of vocabulary to the ethnologist Horatio Hale, who had visited him at the Six Nations Reserve.Horatio Hale"Tutelo Tribe and Language" ''Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society'' 21, no. 114 (1883) Descendants living at Grand River Reserve in Ontario spoke Tutelo well into the 20th century. Linguis ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ohio Valley Siouan Languages
The Ohio Valley Siouan, or Southeastern Siouan, languages are a subfamily of the Western Siouan languages, far to the east and south of the Mississippi River. The group has Ofo and Biloxi, in the Lower Mississippi River valley, and Tutelo, historically spoken in Virginia, near the territory of the Catawban languages. All of the languages are now extinct. They are called "Ohio Valley Siouan" languages because of a speculative origin along the Ohio River, but only the Tutelo and the Saponi historically dwelled near there. They possibly migrated to the Roanoke River from the region of the Big Sandy River just prior to European contact. The Biloxi and the Ofo lived far to the south, along the Mississippi River. Charles F. Voegelin established, on the basis of linguistic evidence, that Catawban was very divergent from the other Siouan languages (only a minor fraction of the lexicon is obviously cognate, and it uses difficult-to-recognize personal pronouns and favors suppletion ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Quapaw Language
Quapaw, or Arkansas, is a Siouan language of the Quapaw people, originally from a region in present-day Arkansas. It is now spoken in Oklahoma. It is similar to the other Dhegihan languages: Kansa, Omaha, Osage and Ponca. Written documentation The Quapaw language is well-documented in field notes and publications from many individuals including by George Izard in 1827, by Lewis F. Hadly in 1882, from 19th-century linguist James Owen Dorsey, in 1940 by Frank Thomas Siebert, and, in the 1970s by linguist Robert Rankin. The Quapaw language does not conform well to English language phonetics, and a writing system for the language has not been formally adopted. All of the existing source material on the language utilizes different writing systems, making reading and understanding the language difficult for the novice learner. To address this issue, an online dictionary of the Quapaw language is being compiled which incorporates all of the existing source material known to exi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Osage Language
Osage (; Osage: ''Wažáže ie'') is a Siouan language spoken by the people of the Osage Nation in northern Oklahoma. Their original territory was in the present-day Ohio River Valley, which they shared with other Siouan language nations. Slowly they migrated to present-day Missouri and Kansas areas (see Dhegihan migration), but they were gradually pushed west by pressure from invading colonial forces and settlement by other displaced Native American nations. Osage has an inventory of sounds very similar to that of Dakota language, Dakota, also a Siouan language, plus vowel length, preaspirated obstruents and an interdental fricative (like "th" in English "then"). In contrast to Dakota, phoneme, phonemically Aspiration (phonetics), aspirated obstruents appear allophone, phonetically as affricates, and the high back vowel *u has been fronted to . Osage is written primarily with two systems: one using the Latin script with diacritics, and another derived Osage script created in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kansa Language
Kansa, sometimes known as Kaw or Kanza, is a Siouan language of the Dhegihan group once spoken by the Kaw people of Oklahoma. Vice President Charles Curtis spoke Kansa as a child. The last mother-tongue speaker, Walter Kekahbah, died in 1983. Classification Kansa is a Dhegiha Siouan language, a broader category containing other languages such as Quapaw, Omaha, Ponca and Osage. This group of languages falls under Mississippi Valley Siouan, which is grouped under the largest category of the Siouan language family. History The speakers of Kansa, known as the Kaw people, lived together with the Siouan-speakers in a united nation known as the Dhegiha Siouan group. This group was originally situated north of the Ohio River and east of the Mississippi River and then moved west down the Ohio River. Following their westward migration, the Dhegiha Siouan group branched into five indigenous ''tribes'' (Sioux subgroups) known mainly as Ponca, Osage, Omaha, Quapaw or Kaw people. Later on, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
