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Siege Of Acre (1291)
The siege of Acre (also called the fall of Acre) took place in 1291 and resulted in the Crusaders' losing control of Acre to the Mamluks. It is considered one of the most important battles of the period. Although the crusading movement continued for several more centuries, the capture of the city marked the end of further crusades to the Levant. When Acre fell, the Crusaders lost their last major stronghold of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem. Background In 1187, Saladin conquered much of the Kingdom of Jerusalem (also called the Latin Kingdom), including Acre and Jerusalem, after winning the Battle of Hattin and inflicting heavy losses on the Crusaders. The Third Crusade was launched in response; the Crusaders besieged and eventually recaptured Acre in 1191. Acre became the capital of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. The religious orders made their headquarters in and around the city, and from there made crucial military and diplomatic decisions. For example, when the Mongols a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Crusades
The Crusades were a series of religious wars initiated, supported, and at times directed by the Papacy during the Middle Ages. The most prominent of these were the campaigns to the Holy Land aimed at reclaiming Jerusalem and its surrounding territories from Muslim rule. Beginning with the First Crusade, which culminated in the Siege of Jerusalem (1099), capture of Jerusalem in 1099, these expeditions spanned centuries and became a central aspect of European political, religious, and military history. In 1095, after a Byzantine request for aid,Helen J. Nicholson, ''The Crusades'', (Greenwood Publishing, 2004), 6. Pope Urban II proclaimed the first expedition at the Council of Clermont. He encouraged military support for List of Byzantine emperors, Byzantine emperor Alexios I Komnenos, AlexiosI Komnenos and called for an armed pilgrimage to Jerusalem. Across all social strata in Western Europe, there was an enthusiastic response. Participants came from all over Europe and had a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Knights Hospitaller
The Order of Knights of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem, commonly known as the Knights Hospitaller (), is a Catholic military order. It was founded in the crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem in the 12th century and had headquarters there until 1291, thereafter being based in Kolossi Castle in Cyprus (1302–1310), the island of Rhodes (1310–1522), Malta (1530–1798), and Saint Petersburg (1799–1801). The Hospitallers arose in the early 12th century at the height of the Cluniac movement, a reformist movement within the Benedictine monastic order that sought to strengthen religious devotion and charity for the poor. Earlier in the 11th century, merchants from Amalfi founded a hospital in Jerusalem dedicated to John the Baptist where Benedictine monks cared for sick, poor, or injured Christian pilgrims to the Holy Land. Blessed Gerard, a lay brother of the Benedictine order, became its head when it was established. After the Christian conquest of Jerusalem in 1099 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pierre De Severy
Pierre is a masculine given name. It is a French form of the name Peter. Pierre originally meant "rock" or "stone" in French (derived from the Greek word πέτρος (''petros'') meaning "stone, rock", via Latin "petra"). It is a translation of Aramaic כיפא (''Kefa),'' the nickname Jesus gave to apostle Simon Bar-Jona, referred in English as Saint Peter. Pierre is also found as a surname. People with the given name * Monsieur Pierre, Pierre Jean Philippe Zurcher-Margolle (c. 1890–1963), French ballroom dancer and dance teacher * Pierre (footballer), Lucas Pierre Santos Oliveira (born 1982), Brazilian footballer * Pierre, Baron of Beauvau (c. 1380–1453) * Pierre, Duke of Penthièvre (1845–1919) * Pierre, marquis de Fayet (died 1737), French naval commander and Governor General of Saint-Domingue * Prince Pierre, Duke of Valentinois (1895–1964), father of Rainier III of Monaco * Pierre Affre (1590–1669), French sculptor * Pierre Agostini, French physicist * ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Thibaud Gaudin
Thibaud Gaudin (1229? – April 16, 1292) was the Grand Master of the Knights Templar from August 1291 until his death in April 1292. Life The history of Thibaud Gaudin within the Order is rather mysterious. Born to a noble family in the area of Chartres or Blois, France, he entered the Knights Templar well before 1260 because, on that date, he was taken prisoner during an attack on Tiberias. His great piety was deemed worthy of the nickname of "Gaudin Monk". In 1279, Sir Thibaud fulfilled the function of "Commander of the Land of Jerusalem",The contemporary chronicle ''The Templar of Tyre'' refers to "le comandour dou Temple, frere Tibaut Gaudin"''Les gestes des Chiprois'', ch. 454. Ed. G. Raynaud. Geneva: 1887./ref> the fourth most important function in the Templar hierarchy. In 1291, he rode at the side of Guillaume de Beaujeu to defend the town of Acre, besieged by the formidable army of Mamluk Sultan Al-Ashraf Khalil. On 18 May, upon the death of Guillaume de Beaujeu, Gaudin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Guillaume De Beaujeu
Guillaume de Beaujeu, aka William of Beaujeu ( 1230 – 1291) was the 21st Grand Master of the Knights Templar, from 1273 until his death during the Siege of Acre (1291), siege of Acre in 1291. He was the last Grand Master to preside in Palestine. Biography Guillaume was born around 1230, to be the youngest son of Guichard II of Beaujeu, Rhône, Beaujeu, List of counts and dukes of Montpensier, Seigneur of Montpensier and Catherine, daughter of Guillaume VIII son of Dalfi d'Alvernha. He joined the Knights Templar in 1253, where he probably participated in the Seventh Crusade. He later went to the Kingdom of Jerusalem by 1260 or 1261, then he was captured during an ambush in the region of Tiberias, but released shortly after along with John II of Beirut and John de Embriaco. He was also part of the War of Saint Sabas, which deeply divided the nobility of the Crusader States and military orders. Hence, Baibars, Mamluk Sultan of Egypt, took the opportunity to conquer many Christian ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Amalric Of Tyre
Amalric, Lord of Tyre, also called Amalric of Lusignan or Amaury de Lusignan (c. 1272 – June 5, 1310, in Nicosia) was a prince and statesman of the House of Lusignan, a younger son of King Hugh III of Cyprus and Isabella of the House of Ibelin. He was given the title of Lord of Tyre in 1291, shortly before the city of Tyre fell to the Mamluks of Egypt. He is often but incorrectly called the Prince of Tyre. In April 1306, with the support of the barons, Amalric forced his brother Henry II to cede authority to him. He thereafter governed Cyprus as "rector, governor and administrator", effectively regent, until his assassination. Life Amalric was at the Fall of Tripoli in 1289, in which he led a company of knights and four galleys from Cyprus. He escaped the siege of Tripoli together with Lucia of Tripoli, and was made Constable of Jerusalem in April 1289. In 1290, he became Lord of Tyre. He was the officer in command of the Accursed Tower at the siege of Acre in 1291, and esc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Henry II Of Jerusalem
Henry II (June 1270 – 31 March 1324) was the last crowned King of Jerusalem (after the fall of Acre on 28 May 1291, this title became empty) and also ruled as King of Cyprus. He was of the Lusignan dynasty. He was the second surviving son of Hugh III and succeeded his brother John I on 20 May 1285; there was some suspicion that Henry had been involved in poisoning John. He was crowned at Santa Sophia, Nicosia, 24 June 1285. Charles of Anjou, who contested John's claim to the throne, had died in 1285, allowing Henry to recover Acre from the Angevins. With a fleet Henry attacked Acre, defended by Charles' lieutenant Hugh Pelerin, and the city was captured on 29 July 1285. Henry had himself crowned King of Jerusalem there on 15 August 1286, but returned to Cyprus and appointed his uncle Philip of Ibelin as Bailiff in his absence. By this time Acre was one of the few coastal cities remaining in the remnant of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. During his reign the Mameluks capture ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Siraj Al-Din Dhabyan
Siraj al-Din Dhabyan () was an Egyptian military leader and the commander of the ''al-Harafish'' brigades and the leader of the final attack that stormed the Crusader walls of Acre.Badr al-Din al-Ayni, ''عقد الجمان في تاريخ أهل الزمان'', vol. 1, p. 217.Amer Naguib Musa, ''الحرافيش زمن المماليك'', p. 18. Siege of Acre {{Main, Siege of Acre (1291) The Crusaders tried to sign a truce with Sultan al-Ashraf Khalil in exchange for paying an annual tribute. This was before the siege of Acre, so the ''al-Harafish'' stood against these negotiations, repeating with one voice, “We will not make peace with these cursed people,” which made al-Ashraf Khalil back down and decide to conquer Acre in the year 691 AH/1291 AD. Siraj al-Din Dhabyan was the commander of the ''al-Harafish'' and one of the leaders of the final attack that stormed the Crusader walls of Acre. Siraj al-Din Dhabyan led the ''al-Harafish'', which consisted of the Sa'idi Egy ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Baybars Al-Mansuri
Baybars al-Mansoori (''Rukn ad-Dīn Baybars ad-Dawadar al-Manṣūrī al-Khaṭaʾī.'' d. 1325) was a mamluk (slave soldier) in the service of sultan Al-Mansur Qalawun. He bore the '' nisba'' locative surname ''al-Khit'ai'' ("from Khitai"), suggesting an origin from the easternmost Muslim lands, possibly Mongol. He is the author of a historiographical work, known as ''Zubdat al-fikra fi ta'rīkh al-hijra'' ("quintessence of thought in Muslim history"). He was purchased from the prince of Mosul in c. 1260 and participated in several of Qalawun's campaigns during the reign of sultan Baibars (d. 1277). In 1284, he was given command of fifty horsemen. In 1287, he was appointed governor of Al Karak, a post which he held until Qalawun's death in 1290. He was ''amir al-hajj'' in 701 AH (1302). His ''Zubda'' is a universal chronicle which ends just prior to his death. A second work, ''Al-Tuhfa al-mulukiyya fi l-dawla al turkiyya'', is based on the ''Zubda'' and covers only the Bah ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Al-Muzaffar III Mahmud
Al-Muzaffar III Mahmud was the Kurdish Ayyubid emir of Hama from 1284 to 1300. He was the son of Al-Mansur Muhammad II whom he succeeded. Hama was at this time was ruled by a line of Kurdish Muslim princes from the Ayyubid dynasty and was also a tributary emirate of the Mamluk Sultanate. Biography Al-Muzaffar took part in the siege of Acre in 1291, bringing a large mangonel from Krak des Chevaliers to support the assault on the city. Although a few small Crusader enclaves survived, the fall of Acre marked the end of the Crusader period in Syria and thereafter Mamluk rule was unchallenged. Unlike Saladin at Jerusalem in 1187, Al-Muzaffar did not keep his word to protect his captives at Acre in 1291. According to al-Maqrizi, Al-Muzaffar "had sworn to the people of the citadel with strong oaths and on the Qur’an and divorcing (his wives). When they came down from the citadel he betrayed them, beheaded its governor and massacred the rest." According to al-Maqrizi: When he ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lajin
Lajin (), full royal name al-Malik al-Mansur Hussam al-Din Lajin al-Mansuri (; d. January 16, 1299, Cairo) was a Mamluk sultan of Egypt from 1296 to 1299. Early career Lajin was initially a '' mamluk'' of Al-Mansur Ali, then he was bought by Al-Mansur Qalawun, whom had him to marry his daughter. He was imprisoned by Sunqur al-Ashqar in Damascus, then he became the Mamluk na'ib of Damascus in 1280, when Sunqur was defeated. He was later sacked by Sultan Al-Ashraf Khalil and sentenced to death, but emir Badr ad-Din Bidra Al-Mansuri sought mercy for him. In 1293, he participated in the assassination of Qalawun's son the Sultan Al-Ashraf Khalil. He later convinced Al-Adil Kitbugha to depose Al-Nasir Muhammad to become the new sultan. He then tried assassinating the Sultan Al-Adil Kitbugha but failed, Kitbugha, fearing for his life, sent to him afterwards that he was ready to remove himself from the Sultanate for him to be the Sultan instead, Lajin agreed and became Sultan u ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Al-Ashraf Khalil
Al-Malik Al-Ashraf Salāh ad-Dīn Khalil ibn Qalawūn (; c. 1260s – 14 December 1293) was the eighth Turkic Bahri dynasty, Bahri Mamluk Sultanate, Mamluk sultan, succeeding his father Qalawun. He served from 12 November 1290 until his assassination in December 1293. He was well known for conquering the last of the Crusader states in Palestine (region), Palestine after the Siege of Acre (1291), siege of Acre in 1291. While walking with a friend, Khalil was attacked and assassinated by Baydara (his commander in chief) and his followers, who was then killed under the orders of Al-Adil Kitbugha, Kitbugha. Early life Khalil's exact year of birth is not known, although according to the Mamluk-era historian al-Safadi, he died "in his thirties or less". He was the second son of Sultan Qalawun (r. 1279–1290) and his mother was a woman named Qutqutiya.Northrup 1998, p. 143. Khalil had three brothers, as-Salih Ali, an-Nasir Muhammad and Ahmad, and two sisters.Northrup 1998, p. 158. In ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
