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Sexual Violence In The Algerian War
Sexual violence in the Algerian War was committed by the French army against both FLN/ALN members and Algerian civilians. Victims included men, women, and even children. In contrast to torture, which has been extensively documented and studied by historians, sexual violence has remained for a long time a taboo subject, for both Algerian and French sides. It was not until the early 2000s that the subject was approached by historians and journalists. This effort has been limited by the scarcity of archives related to sexual violence, as well as the lack of testimonials of either the victims or the authors of crimes. Background After the start of the Algerian War in 1954, women played an increasingly important role in the operations carried out against the French army in Algeria. Consequently, the French authorities ordered soldiers to start paying closer attention to the actions of Algerian women, who became subject to arrest and interrogation under the suspicion of aiding the F ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bosnian War
The Bosnian War ( / Рат у Босни и Херцеговини) was an international armed conflict that took place in Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bosnia and Herzegovina between 1992 and 1995. Following several earlier violent incidents, the war is commonly seen as having started on 6 April 1992 when the newly independent Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina was internationally recognized. It ended on 21 November 1995 when the Dayton accords, Dayton Accords were initialed. The main belligerents were the forces of the government of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and those of the breakaway proto-states of the Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia, Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia and the Republika Srpska (1992–1995), Republika Srpska which were led and supplied by Croatia and Republic of Serbia (1992–2006), Serbia, respectively. The war was part of the breakup of Yugoslavia. Following the Slovenian and Croatian secessions from the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugosla ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Wartime Sexual Violence In Africa
Wartime may refer to: * Wartime, Saskatchewan, a small community in Saskatchewan, Canada * Wartime, a formal state of war, as opposed to peacetime * ''Wartime'' (film), a 1987 science fiction film spin-off of the TV series ''Doctor Who'' * ''Wartime: Understanding and Behavior in the Second World War'', a 1989 book by Paul Fussell Paul Fussell Jr. (22 March 1924 – 23 May 2012) was an American cultural and literary historian, author and university professor. His writings cover a variety of topics, from scholarly works on eighteenth-century English literature to commentary ... *''Wartime'', a 1977 book by Yugoslav politician Milovan Djilas See also * {{disambiguation ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
French War Crimes In Algeria
French may refer to: * Something of, from, or related to France ** French language, which originated in France ** French people, a nation and ethnic group ** French cuisine, cooking traditions and practices Arts and media * The French (band), a British rock band * "French" (episode), a live-action episode of ''The Super Mario Bros. Super Show!'' * ''Française'' (film), a 2008 film * French Stewart (born 1964), American actor Other uses * French (surname), a surname (including a list of people with the name) * French (tunic), a type of military jacket or tunic * French's, an American brand of mustard condiment * French (catheter scale), a unit of measurement * French Defence, a chess opening * French kiss, a type of kiss See also * France (other) * Franch, a surname * French Revolution (other) * French River (other), several rivers and other places * Frenching (other) * Justice French (other) Justice French may refer to: * C. G. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Wartime Sexual Violence
Wartime sexual violence is rape or other forms of sexual violence committed by combatants during an armed conflict, war, or military occupation often as War looting, spoils of war, but sometimes, particularly in ethnic conflict, the phenomenon has broader sociological motives. Wartime sexual violence may also include gang rape and rape with objects. It is distinguished from Sexual harassment in the military, sexual harassment, Military sexual trauma, sexual assaults and rape committed amongst troops in military service. During war and armed conflict, rape is frequently used as a means of psychological warfare in order to Demoralization (warfare), humiliate and terrorize the enemy. Wartime sexual violence may occur in a variety of situations, including institutionalized sexual slavery, wartime sexual violence associated with specific battles or massacres, as well as individual or isolated acts of sexual violence. Rape can also be Genocidal rape, recognized as genocide when it ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Djamila Boupacha
Djamila Boupacha (, born 9 February 1938) is a former militant from the Algerian National Liberation Front. She was arrested in 1960 for attempting to bomb a cafe in Algiers. Her confession, which was purportedly obtained by means of torture and rape, and her subsequent trial affected French public opinion about the methods used by the French army in Algeria after publicity by Simone de Beauvoir and Gisèle Halimi. Boupacha was sentenced to death on 29 June 1961, but was given amnesty under the Evian Accords and later freed on 21 April 1962. Early life Djamila Boupacha was born on 9 February 1938, in Saint-Eugène (today Bologhine) to an uneducated but French-speaking father (Abdelaziz Boupacha) and a mother (Zoubida Amarouche) who did not speak French. She joined the Democratic Union of the Algerian Manifesto (UDMA) of Ferhat Abbas in 1953, at the age of 15, and later the National Liberation Front (FLN) in 1951. During the Algerian War, she used the ''nom de guerre'' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Louisette Ighilahriz
Louisette Ighilahriz (born 22 August 1936) is an Algerian writer, former '' Conseil de la Nation'' member, and a former member of the ''Front de Libération Nationale'' (FLN) who came to widespread attention in 2000 with her story of captivity by the French from 1957 to 1962, becoming, in the words of the American journalist Adam Shatz, "a catalyst of a debate about the legacy of the French-Algerian war". Childhood and early life Ighilahriz was born in Oujda to a Berber family and her family moved to Algiers in 1948. Though she was born in Morocco, the Ighilahriz family originated from the Kabylie region of Algeria, whose Berber tribes had been some of the fiercest opponents of French rule in Algeria. Ighilahriz "describes herself as coming from a whole family of nationalists," calling her mother "illiterate but hyperpoliticised" and saying that her maternal grandfather clandestinely manufactured guns for "revolutionaries." When hearing about the beginning of the Algerian War on ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Évian Accords
The Évian Accords were a set of declarations between the French Government and the Provisional Government of the Algerian Republic on 18 March 1962 in Évian-les-Bains which outlined the agreements for Algeria's Independence alongside cooperation with France. The Accords consisted of five chapters which detailed the guarantees and principals of this Independence. The Accords ended the Algerian War with a cease-fire that was declared on the 19th March 1962, and effectively formalised the status of Algeria as an independent nation. Historical Context The start of the Algerian War in 1954 emerged from a growing Algerian nationalist movement. The population was asked to fight in the Second World War alongside the French. In exchange for their duty, they demanded more political and economic rights which were refused. The tensions between the two parties rose when the National Liberation Front (FLN) called for independence in their Declaration of 1 November 1954. The French Gov ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Court Of Appeal Of Paris
The Court of Appeal of Paris (, ) is the largest appeals court in France in terms of the number of cases brought before it. Its jurisdiction covers the departments of Paris, Essonne, Yonne, Seine-et-Marne, Seine-Saint-Denis, and Val-de-Marne. The Court is housed in the Palais de Justice of Paris. Jacques Degrandi has been the president of the Court since 2010. See also *Court of Cassation (France) *Judiciary of France Status and organisation France's independent court system enjoys special statutory protection from the executive branch. Procedures for the appointment, promotion, and removal of judges vary depending on whether it is for the ordinary ("") or t ... * The Malaysia-Sulu Case References External links * Courts and tribunals with year of establishment missing Courts in France Organizations based in Paris Legal entities {{France-org-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ministry Of Justice (France)
The Ministry of Justice () is a ministerial department of the Government of France, also known in French as . It is headed by the Minister of Justice, also known as the Keeper of the Seals, a member of the Council of Ministers. The ministry's headquarters are on Place Vendôme, Paris. Organization * Minister of Justice: The current Minister of Justice is Gérald Darmanin since December 2024. * The Judicial Services Directorate ( (known as DSJ) is responsible for the civil courts. The DSJ contributes to the drafting of texts and provides its opinion on laws being drafted and regulations that regards the courts. * The Civil Affairs and Seals Directorate ( (DACS) * The Criminal Matters and Pardons Directorate () (DACG) contributes to drafting criminal justice texts that lay down the rules for proceedings, judgment, and enforcement of rulings and oversees their application. * The Prison Administration Directorate a.k.a. French Prison Service ( (DAP, "Prisons Administration Direct ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kabylia
Kabylia or Kabylie (; in Kabyle: Tamurt n leqbayel; in Tifinagh: ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵍⴻⵇⴱⴰⵢⴻⵍ; ), meaning "Land of the Tribes" is a mountainous coastal region in northern Algeria and the homeland of the Kabyle people. It is part of the Tell Atlas mountain range and is located at the edge of the Mediterranean. Kabylia covers two provinces of Algeria: Tizi Ouzou and Béjaïa. Gouraya National Park and Djurdjura National Park are also located in Kabylia. Name During the French colonization of Algeria, the French invented the term 'Kabylia', a term never used by the Arab and Berber populations of Algeria prior to the French invasion. The word 'Kabyle' is a distortion of the Arabic word ''qaba'il'' (قبائل) which has two meanings, the first one is tribes that live among sedentary populations and the second is 'to accept', which Arabs after the Muslim conquest of the Maghreb used for local populations that accepted Islam. History Antiquity Kabylia was a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
