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Second Economy Of The Soviet Union
The second economy of the Soviet Union was the black market or the informal sector of the economy of the Soviet Union. The term was suggested by Gregory Grossman in his seminal article, "The Second Economy of the USSR" (1977).Authority on Soviet economy, Gregory Grossman, passes away . ''Berkeley News''. August 25, 2014. Economist Gerard Roland noted that as Grossman anticipated, "the logic of the tended over time to undermine the logic of the [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Black Market
A black market is a Secrecy, clandestine Market (economics), market or series of transactions that has some aspect of illegality, or is not compliant with an institutional set of rules. If the rule defines the set of goods and services whose production and distribution are prohibited or restricted by law, non-compliance with the rule constitutes a black-market trade since the transaction itself is illegal. Such transactions include the illegal drug trade, prostitution (where prohibited), illegal currency transactions, and human trafficking. Participants try to hide their illegal behavior from the government or regulatory authority. Cash is the preferred medium of exchange in illegal transactions, since cash transactions are less easily traced. Common motives for operating in black markets are to trade contraband, avoid taxes and regulations, or evade price controls or rationing. Typically, the totality of such activity is referred to with the definite article, e.g., "''the' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Consumer Goods
A final good or consumer good is a final product ready for sale that is used by the consumer to satisfy current wants or needs, unlike an intermediate good, which is used to produce other goods. A microwave oven or a bicycle is a final good. When used in measures of national income and output, the term "final goods" includes only new goods. For example, gross domestic product (GDP) excludes items counted in an earlier year to prevent double counting based on resale of items. In that context, the economic definition of goods also includes what are commonly known as '' services''. Manufactured goods refer to products that have undergone processing or assembly, distinguishing them from raw materials. Law Various legal definitions exist for consumer products, depending on jurisdiction. One such definition is found in the United States' Consumer Product Safety Act, which provides extensive explanation of consumer products. CONSUMER PRODUCT.- The term ‘‘consumer product ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Corruption In The Soviet Union
Corruption in the Soviet Union and Soviet Russia was observed since the early days of the Soviet Russia and until the last days of the Soviet Union. Corruption happened at all levels of positions of power, including political corruption. History Early years Already on May 2, 1918, Moscow Revtribunal heard the case of four members of the Investigative Committee accused of bribery and blackmailing.Liu Xianzhong苏联时期的腐败及其成因(Corruption and its causes during the Soviet era)Pavel SorokunИсторический очерк возникновения и развития взяточничества и коррупции в России/ref> On May 8, 1918, the "Decree on Bribery" was signed by Lenin, which punished both givers and takers.Финогентова Ольга ЕвгеньевнаПонятие взятки и ответственность за нее в советском законодательстве 1918-1926 гг/ref> In February 1920, a special c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Free Market
In economics, a free market is an economic market (economics), system in which the prices of goods and services are determined by supply and demand expressed by sellers and buyers. Such markets, as modeled, operate without the intervention of Forms of government, government or any other external authority. Proponents of the free market as a normative ideal contrast it with a regulated market, in which a government intervenes in supply and demand by means of various methods such as taxes or regulations. In an idealized free market economy, prices for goods and services are set solely by the bids and offers of the participants. Scholars contrast the concept of a free market with the concept of a Coordinated market economy, coordinated market in fields of study such as political economy, new institutional economics, economic sociology, and political science. All of these fields emphasize the importance in currently existing market systems of rule-making institutions external to th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Shadow Economy Of Russia
The shadow economy () is one of the most controversial aspects of Russia's economic history. In 2011, according to official Rosstat estimates calculated using the GDP adjustment method, the degree of shadowization of the Russian economy was about 16% of GDP, with a turnover of about 7 trillion rubles a year. About 13 million people were involved in the shadow sectors of the economy; according to independent experts, 22 million Russians are employed in the informal sector. To calculate the share of the shadow economy in the country's GDP, the State Statistics Committee of Russia usually proceeds from the ratio to GDP of income from hidden and informal economic activities permitted by law. This technique complies with the recommendations of international organizations. It should be taken into account that the concept of hidden and informal production in statistics differs from the indicators of the shadow economy used to calculate the taxable base (). The dynamics of the volumes of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
500 Days
The 500 Days Program () was a shock therapy program to overcome the economic crisis in the Soviet Union by means of a transition to a market economy. Intended to comprehensively change the Soviet Union in a span of two years, it was ultimately a factor leading to the Soviet Union's collapse. History The program was proposed by a group of economists including Stanislav Shatalin, Grigory Yavlinsky and Yevgeny Yasin. According to authors, the Soviet Union needed "to be built anew, nor reformed." The 500 Days Program was proposed to implement a form of economic shock therapy which proposed to transform the Soviet Union comprehensively in less than two years. The program was further developed by a work group under the direction of Stanislav Shatalin (an economic advisor to Mikhail Gorbachev). Before beginning work on the project, Shatalin had been assured by Gorbachev that he was serious about radically reforming the Soviet economy. Therefore, in August 1990, the group is ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Perestroika
''Perestroika'' ( ; rus, перестройка, r=perestrojka, p=pʲɪrʲɪˈstrojkə, a=ru-perestroika.ogg, links=no) was a political reform movement within the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) during the late 1980s, widely associated with CPSU general secretary Mikhail Gorbachev and his '' glasnost'' (meaning "transparency") policy reform. The literal meaning of ''perestroika'' is "restructuring," referring to the restructuring of the political economy of the Soviet Union in an attempt to end the Era of Stagnation. ''Perestroika'' allowed more independent actions from various ministries and introduced many market-like reforms. The purported goal of ''perestroika'' was not to end the planned economy, but rather to make socialism work more efficiently to better meet the needs of Soviet citizens by adopting elements of liberal economics. The process of implementing ''perestroika'' added to existing shortage and created political, social, and economic tensions wi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Shortage
In economics, a shortage or excess demand is a situation in which the demand for a product or service exceeds its supply in a market. It is the opposite of an excess supply ( surplus). Definitions In a perfect market (one that matches a simple microeconomic model), an excess of demand will prompt sellers to increase prices until demand at that price matches the available supply, establishing market equilibrium. In economic terminology, a shortage occurs when for some reason (such as government intervention, or decisions by sellers not to raise prices) the price does not rise to reach equilibrium. In this circumstance, buyers want to purchase more at the market price than the quantity of the good or service that is available, and some non-price mechanism (such as "first come, first served" or a lottery) determines which buyers are served. So in a perfect market the only thing that can cause a shortage is price. In common use, the term "shortage" may refer to a situat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alena V
Alena is a feminine given name. It may be either derived from the name Helene or as a diminutive form of ' Magdalena'. In the Balkans, this particular spelling of the name is predominantly found among the peoples of the former Yugoslav nations, specifically among the Bosniaks and Croats. This region also has a male equivalent: Alen. The name is also found in the Czech Republic, Slovak Republic, Ukraine, Belarus and Russia, also with the spelling Alyona. Given name * Saint Alena (died 640), Christian saint * Alena Antalová (born 1972), Slovak actress * Alena Douhan, Belarusian diplomat * Alena Holubeva (born 1994), Belarusian basketball player * Alena Kostornaia (born 2003), Russian figure skater * Alena Matejka (Alena Matějková, born 1966), Czech sculptor and glass designer * Alena Mazouka (born 1967), Belarusian long-distance runner * Alena Mihulová (born 1965), Czech actress * Alena Šeredová (born 1978), Czech model * Alena Shirmanova (born 1999), Czech singer known ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Informal Sector
An informal economy (informal sector or grey economy) is the part of any economy that is neither taxed nor monitored by any form of government. Although the informal sector makes up a significant portion of the economies in developing countries, it is sometimes stigmatized as troublesome and unmanageable. However, the informal sector provides critical economic opportunities for the poor and has been expanding rapidly since the 1960s. Integrating the informal economy into the formal sector is an important policy challenge. In many cases, unlike the formal economy, activities of the informal economy are not included in a country's gross national product (GNP) or gross domestic product (GDP). However, Italy has included estimates of informal activity in their GDP calculations since 1987, which swells their GDP by an estimated 18% and in 2014, a number of European countries formally changed their GDP calculations to include prostitution and narcotics sales in their official GDP s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Blat (favors)
In Russian culture, ''blat'' () is a form of corruption comprising a system of informal agreements, exchanges of services, connections, Party contacts, or black market deals to achieve results or get ahead. In the context of corruption in the Soviet Union, ''blat'' was widespread because of the permanent shortage of consumer goods and services. This was due to the administrative-command economy and coexistent maladministration. Networks of ''blat'' made it easier for the general public to gain access to much-coveted goods and services. ''Blat'' also took place at the enterprise-level in the form of '' tolkachs'', employees whose explicit role was to exploit their networks to secure positive outcomes for their employers. The system of ''blat'' can be seen as an example of a social network with some similarities to networking (especially "good ol' boy" networks) in the United States, old boy networks in the United Kingdom and the former British Empire, and ''guanxi'' in China. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Eastern Bloc Economies
Eastern or Easterns may refer to: Transportation Airlines *China Eastern Airlines, a current Chinese airline based in Shanghai * Eastern Air, former name of Zambia Skyways *Eastern Air Lines, a defunct American airline that operated from 1926 to 1991 * Eastern Air Lines (2015), an American airline that began operations in 2015 * Eastern Airlines, LLC, previously Dynamic International Airways, a U.S. airline founded in 2010 * Eastern Airways, an English/British regional airline * Eastern Provincial Airways, a defunct Canadian airline that operated from 1949 to 1986 Roads * Eastern Avenue (other), various roads * Eastern Parkway (other), various parkways * Eastern Freeway, Melbourne, Australia * Eastern Freeway Mumbai, Mumbai, India Other * Eastern Railway (other), various railroads *, a cargo liner in service 1946-65 Education * Eastern University (other) * Eastern College (other) Sports * Easterns (cricket team), South ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
