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Sanjak Of Preveze
The Sanjak of Preveza (, ; , ), also once known as the Liva of Preveza (, ; , ), was a sanjak of the Ottoman Empire named for its capital at Preveza in southern Epirus, now part of northwestern Greece. The sanjak existed from its formation in 1863 until its conquest in the First Balkan War and reorganization in 1915 as the Preveza Prefecture of the Kingdom of Greece. History Preveza and its surroundings had been part of the Republic of Venice's Ionian Islands until the treaties ending the War of the First Coalition ceded them to the First French Republic in 1797. The French occupation was short lived. Ali Pasha of Ioannina conquered the town in 1798 and made it part of his independent Pashalik of Yanina until his fall in 1822. Preveza was a kaza of the Sanjak and Eyalet of Ioannina until 1863, when the provincial yearbook ('' salname'') recorded it as a separate sanjak within the province. The next year in 1864 the sanjak was transferred to the new Eyalet of Tirhala but a sh ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sanjak
A sanjak or sancak (, , "flag, banner") was an administrative division of the Ottoman Empire. The Ottomans also sometimes called the sanjak a liva (, ) from the name's calque in Arabic and Persian. Banners were a common organization of nomadic groups on the Eurasian Steppe including the early Turks, Mongols, and Manchus and were used as the name for the initial first-level territorial divisions at the formation of the Ottoman Empire. Upon the empire's expansion and the establishment of eyalets as larger provinces, sanjaks were used as the second-level administrative divisions. They continued in this purpose after the eyalets were replaced by vilayets during the Tanzimat reforms of the 19th century. Sanjaks were typically headed by a bey or sanjakbey. The Tanzimat reforms initially placed some sanjaks under kaymakams and others under mutasarrifs; a sanjak under a mutasarrif was known as a mutasarriflik. The districts of each sanjak were known as kazas. These were ini ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kaza
A kaza (, "judgment" or "jurisdiction") was an administrative divisions of the Ottoman Empire, administrative division of the Ottoman Empire. It is also discussed in English under the names district, subdistrict, and juridical district. Kazas continued to be used by some of the empire's successor states. At present, they are used by administrative divisions of Iraq, Iraq, administrative divisions of Lebanon, Lebanon, Administrative divisions of Jordan, Jordan, and in Arabic language, Arabic discussion of Administrative divisions of Israel, Israel. In these contexts, they are also known by the Arabic name qada, qadā, or qadaa (, ). Former use Ottoman Empire In the Ottoman Empire, a kaza was originally equivalent to the kadiluk, the district subject to the legal and administrative jurisdiction of a kadi (Ottoman Empire), kadi or judge of Islamic law. This usually corresponded to a major city of the empire with its surrounding villages. A small number of kazas made up each sanjak ( ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Greek Army
The Hellenic Army (, sometimes abbreviated as ΕΣ), formed in 1828, is the land force of Greece. The term '' Hellenic'' is the endogenous synonym for ''Greek''. The Hellenic Army is the largest of the three branches of the Hellenic Armed Forces, also constituted by the Hellenic Air Force (HAF) and the Hellenic Navy (HN). The army is commanded by the chief of the Hellenic Army General Staff (HAGS), which in turn is under the command of Hellenic National Defence General Staff (HNDGS). The motto of the Hellenic Army is () , from Thucydides's '' History of the Peloponnesian War (2.43.4)'', a remembrance of the ancient warriors that defended Greek lands in old times. The Hellenic Army Emblem is the two-headed eagle with a Greek Cross escutcheon in the centre. The Hellenic Army is also the main contributor to, and lead nation of, the Balkan Battle Group, a combined-arms rapid-response force under the EU Battlegroup structure. Mission The main missions of the Hellenic Ar ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kaza Of Louros
Louros () is a town and a former municipality in the Preveza regional unit, Epirus, Greece. It was the center of a kaza of the Preveza Sanjak under the Ottoman Empire. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Preveza, of which it is a municipal unit. The seat of the municipality was the small town of Louros (pop. 1,769 in 2021). The area of the municipal unit is 176.075 km2, with a population of 4,581 people (2011). The town and municipal unit are named after the river Louros which flows just south of the town. Until recently, the Louros valley was swampy, but in modern times the marshes were drained and are now used for the production of olives, oranges, lemons and tomatoes. Besides the town of Louros itself, the largest communities in the municipality are Oropós (pop. 1,127), Stefáni (379), Vrysoúla (149), Áno Ráchi (96), and Kotsanópoulo (200). Subdivisions The municipal unit Louros is subdivided into the following communities (constitu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1881 Convention Of Constantinople
The Convention of Constantinople was signed between the Kingdom of Greece and the Ottoman Empire on 2 July 1881, resulting in the cession of the region of Thessaly (apart from Elassona) and a part of southern Epirus (the Arta Prefecture) to Greece. Background With the outbreak of the Great Eastern Crisis in 1875, many in Greece saw an opportunity for realizing the ''Megali Idea'' and expanding the borders of the country northward at the expense of the Ottoman Empire. At the same time, the Greek leadership from King George I was aware that the Great Powers, and especially Great Britain, did not favour such adventures; consequently Greece adopted a more cautious stance, particularly given its military unpreparedness. This passivity was reinforced by the fear of Pan-Slavism engendered by the recent crisis over the establishment of the Bulgarian Exarchate, which led to distrust towards suggestions for a co-operation of all Balkan states, particularly by King George. Proposals by the S ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Great Eastern Crisis
The Great Eastern Crisis of 1875–1878 began in the Ottoman Empire's Rumelia, administrative territories in the Balkan Peninsula in 1875, with the outbreak of several uprisings and wars that resulted in the intervention of international powers, and was ended with the Treaty of Berlin (1878), Treaty of Berlin in July 1878. The war is referred to differently in various languages of the peoples involved in it due to differing sociocultural backgrounds. In Serbo-Croatian and Turkish language, Turkish, the war is likewise referred to as ''Velika istočna kriza'' ("Great Eastern Crisis") and ''Şark Buhranı'' ("Eastern Crisis") respectively. However, the occasionally used Turkish name ''Ramazan Kararnamesi'' ("Decree of Ramadan") refers specifically to the sovereign default declared on 30 October 1875 in historiography while ''93 Harbi'' ("War of 93") refers to the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878), Russo-Turkish War (the year 1293 of the Islamic Rumi calendar corresponding to the year ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Arta, Greece
Arta () is a city in northwestern Greece and capital of the Arta (regional unit), regional unit of Arta, which is part of Epirus (region), Epirus region. The city was known in ancient times as Ambracia (). Arta is known for the Bridge of Arta, medieval bridge over the Arachthos River, as well as for its ancient sites from the era of Pyrrhus of Epirus and its well-preserved 13th-century Castle of Arta, castle. Arta's Byzantine history is reflected in its many Byzantine churches; perhaps the best known is the Panagia Paregoretissa (Mother of God the Consoling), built about 1290 by despot (court title), Despot Nikephoros I Komnenos Doukas. Etymology The origin of the city's name is quite uncertain. It is either derived from a corruption of the river Arachthos, or from the Latin word "artus" (narrow), or from the Slavic languages, Slavic word "balta" (swamp). History Antiquity The first settlement in the area of the modern city dates to the 9th century B.C. Ambracia was founded as ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sanjak Of Narda
A sanjak or sancak (, , "flag, banner") was an administrative division of the Ottoman Empire. The Ottomans also sometimes called the sanjak a liva (, ) from the name's calque in Arabic and Persian. Banners were a common organization of nomadic groups on the Eurasian Steppe including the early Turks, Mongols, and Manchus and were used as the name for the initial first-level territorial divisions at the formation of the Ottoman Empire. Upon the empire's expansion and the establishment of eyalets as larger provinces, sanjaks were used as the second-level administrative divisions. They continued in this purpose after the eyalets were replaced by vilayets during the Tanzimat reforms of the 19th century. Sanjaks were typically headed by a bey or sanjakbey. The Tanzimat reforms initially placed some sanjaks under kaymakams and others under mutasarrifs; a sanjak under a mutasarrif was known as a mutasarriflik. The districts of each sanjak were known as kazas. These were initially overs ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vilayet Of Ioannina
The Vilayet of Janina, Yanya or Ioannina () was a first-level administrative division (vilayet) of the Ottoman Empire, established in 1867. In the late 19th century, it reportedly had an area of .Europe by Éliseé Reclus, page 152 It was created by merging the and the Pashalik of Berat with the sanjaks of , |
Tanzimat
The (, , lit. 'Reorganization') was a period of liberal reforms in the Ottoman Empire that began with the Edict of Gülhane of 1839 and ended with the First Constitutional Era in 1876. Driven by reformist statesmen such as Mustafa Reşid Pasha, Mehmed Emin Âli Pasha, and Fuad Pasha, under Sultans Abdülmecid I and Abdülaziz, the Tanzimat sought to reverse the empire's decline by modernizing legal, military, and administrative systems while promoting Ottomanism (equality for all subjects). Though it introduced secular courts, modern education, and infrastructure like railways, the reforms faced resistance from conservative clerics, exacerbated ethnic tensions in the Balkans, and saddled the empire with crippling foreign debt. The Tanzimat’s legacy remains contested: some historians credit it with establishing a powerful national government, while others argue it accelerated imperial fragmentation. Different functions of government received reform, were completely reor ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vilayet Law
The 1864 Vilayet Law (, , ), also known as the Provincial Reform Law, was introduced during the Tanzimat era of the late Ottoman Empire. This era of administration was marked by reform movements, with provincial movements led largely by Midhat Pasha, a key player in the Vilayet Law itself. The Vilayet Law reorganized the provinces within the empire, replacing the medieval eyalet system. Its date of initial publication in the Gregorian calendar was 8 November 1864, and the Turkish date was 7 Cümadelahir (Djem. II) or Jumaada al-Akhir (Jumada al-Thani) 1281. The law was modified in 1867. The Ottoman Turkish version was first published in ''Takvim-i Vekayi'' No. 773, and was published in Düstur Volume I, pages 517–538, and the 1867 version was printed in the Düstur Volume I, pages 608–624. The Greek version was published in Оθωμανικοί Κώδηκες ("Othōmanikoi kōdēkes", meaning "Ottoman Codes", with Demotic Greek using "Οθωμανικοί κώδικες"), p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Eyalet Of Tirhala
The Sanjak of Tirhala or Trikala (Ottoman Turkish: ; ) was second-level Ottoman province ( or ) encompassing the region of Thessaly. Its name derives from the Turkish version of the name of the town of Trikala. It was established after the conquest of Thessaly by the Ottomans led by Turahan Bey, a process which began at the end of the 14th century and ended in the mid-15th century. History In the mid-14th century, Thessaly had been ruled by Serbian and Greek lords and enjoyed great prosperity. It was conquered by the Ottoman Turks in successive waves, in 1386/7, the mid-1390s, and again after 1414/23, and the conquest was not completed until 1470. Trikala itself fell probably in 1395/6 (although Evliya Çelebi claims it happened as early as 1390). The newly conquered region was initially the patrimonial domain of the powerful marcher-lord () Turahan Bey (died 1456) and of his son Ömer Bey (died 1484) rather than a regular province. Turahan and his heirs brought in settlers fr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
