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Sand War
The Sand War () was a border conflict between Algeria and Morocco fought from September 25 to October 30, 1963, although a formal peace treaty was not signed until February 20, 1964. It resulted largely from the Moroccan government's claim to portions of Algeria's Tindouf and Béchar provinces. The Sand War led to heightened tensions between the two countries for several decades. Full-blown confrontation began on September 25, 1963, once Moroccan forces occupied the border towns of Hassi Beida and Tindjoub, beginning a battle with Algerian forces for control over the towns. In the north, Algeria opened a front near Ich, while Morocco launched an offensive towards Tindouf in the south. Cuban troops arrived in Algeria to prepare for an offensive into eastern Morocco, prompting Morocco to prepare for a second offensive towards Tindouf. However, both attacks were suspended, and a ceasefire was officially declared on October 30, 1963. This ceasefire marked the first multinational ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Arab Cold War
The Arab Cold War ( ''al-ḥarb al-`arabiyyah al-bāridah'') was a political rivalry in the Arab world from the early 1950s to the late 1970s and a part of the wider Cold War. It is generally accepted that the beginning of the Arab Cold War is marked by the 1952 Egyptian revolution, Egyptian Revolution of 1952, which led to Gamal Abdel Nasser becoming president of Egypt in 1956. Thereafter, newly formed Arab republics, inspired by revolutionary secular Arab nationalism, nationalism and History of Egypt under Gamal Abdel Nasser, Nasser's Egypt, engaged in political rivalries with conservative Traditionalist conservatism, traditionalist Arab monarchies, influenced by Saudi Arabia. The Iranian revolution, Iranian Revolution of 1979, and the ascension of Ruhollah Khomeini, Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini as leader of Iran, is widely seen as the end of this period of internal conflicts and rivalry. A new era of Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict, Arab-Iranian tensions followed, overshadow ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Algeria–Morocco Border
The Algeria–Morocco border is 1,427 km (887 mi) in length and runs from Mediterranean Sea in the north, to the tripoint with Western Sahara in the south. The border has been officially closed to all travel since 1994, although clandestine crossings are common. Description The boundary starts in the north on the Mediterranean Sea just west of Marsa Ben M'Hidi; it then proceeds overland toward the south via a series of irregular lines, veering slightly to the southeast. Near the Moroccan town of Figuig it veers sharply to the west, proceeding then in a broadly south-westerly direction via a series of straight and irregular lines. Upon reaching the Draa River the border then follows this for some distance, before veering sharply to the south, whereupon a straight north–south line proceeds for 116 km (72 mi) down to the Western Sahara tripoint. History France occupied much of the northern coastal areas of Algeria in the period 1830–47, which had hitherto ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Battle Of El-Moungar
The Battle of El-Moungar was fought during the South-Oranese Campaign between a contingent of the French Army of Africa, mainly from the French Foreign Legion, and Moroccan tribesmen. Background In the early twentieth century, French troops in Algeria faced numerous incidents, attacks and looting by uncontrolled armed groups in the newly controlled areas to the south of Oran. Under the command of General Lyautey, the French army's mission was to protect these areas newly occupied in the west of Algeria, near the poorly defined Moroccan boundaries. This loose boundary, between French Algeria and the Sultanate of Morocco, promoted incursions and attacks by Moroccan tribesmen. On 17 August 1903, the first battle of the South-Oranese campaign took place in Taghit when a contingent of the French Foreign Legion was attacked by more than 1,000 well-equipped Berbers. For three days, the legionnaires repelled repeated attacks of an enemy more than 10 times their number, and inflicted heav ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Battle Of Taghit
The Battle of Taghit was the siege of a Fortification, fort held by a contingent of the French Army of Africa (France), Army of Africa against Moroccan tribesmen during the South-Oranese Campaign. Background In the 1890s, the French administration and military called for the annexation of the Touat, the Gourara and the Tidikelt, a complex that had been controlled by tribes under the domination the Moroccan Empire for many centuries prior to the arrival of the French in Algeria. An armed conflict opposed French 19th Corps Oran and Algiers divisions to the Aït Khabbash, a fraction of the Moroccan Aït Ounbgui ''khams'' of the Aït Atta confederation. The conflict ended with the annexation of the Touat-Gourara-Tidikelt complex by France in 1901. In the aftermath, France faced numerous incidents, attacks and looting by uncontrolled armed groups in the newly controlled areas to the south of Oran. Under the command of Hubert Lyautey, General Lyautey, the French army's mission was to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Béchar
Béchar () is the capital city of Béchar Province, Algeria. It is also a commune, coextensive with Béchar District, of Béchar Province. In 2008 the city had a population of 165,627, up from 134,954 in 1998, with an annual growth rate of 2.1%. The commune covers an area of . Béchar thrived on the activity of the coal mines until petroleum production seized the market. Leatherwork and jewellery are notable products of Béchar. Dates, vegetables, figs, cereals and almonds are produced near Béchar. There are bituminous coal reserves near Béchar, but they are not exploited to their greatest potential because of transportation costs are too high relative to that from the oil and gas fields of eastern Algeria. The city was once the site of a French Foreign Legion post. The Kenadsa longwave transmitter, whose masts are the tallest structures in Algeria at , is found near Béchar. Geography Béchar is located in the northwestern region of Algeria roughly south of the Morocc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tafilalt
Tafilalt or Tafilet (), historically Sijilmasa, is a region of Morocco, centered on its largest oasis. Etymology There are many speculations regarding the origin of the word "Tafilalt", however it is known that Tafilalt is a Berber word meaning "jug", which is specifically a pottery jar used to store water. History Although previous settlements existed, especially during the Roman period, the first continuously inhabited town in the area after the spread of Islam was Sijilmasa, founded by the Midrarid dynasty. It was on the direct caravan route from the Niger River to Tangier, and attained a considerable degree of prosperity. In the 17th century, the Alawi dynasty of Morocco first achieved political ascendancy in Tafilalt, and in 1606, Sultan Zidan Abu Maali hid in Tafilalt, where he made a profit off of gold mined in the area, built an army, eventually taking control of the city of Marrakesh. A few years later in 1610, Ahmed ibn Abi Mahalli also built up an army in the Tafi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aït Atta
The Ait Atta () are a large Berber tribal confederation or "supertribe" of south eastern Morocco. They are divided into "five fifths" (''khams khmas''), all said to descend from the forty sons of their common ancestor Dadda Atta. These fifths are the Ait Wallal, Ait Wahlim, Ait Isful-Ait Alwan, Ait Aizza Mzin and Ait Unibgi. They speak a dialect of Tamazight. The Ait Atta first emerged in the Jbel Saghro which they consider their heartland and were originally nomadic but became semi-sedentary. Their quick expansion lead to conflict with other tribes causing some to form the Ait Yafelman confederation in response to their aggression. After the Ait Atta first encountered the French in 1899, they clashed continuously with the French until their surrender in the in 1933. Origin Descent from Goliath A tradition of non-Atta origin claims that the Ait Atta descends from Goliath (''Jalut'') who left 4 sons that emigrated to North Africa from Palestine becoming the ancestors of t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
19th Army Corps (France)
The 19th Army Corps (:fr:19e corps d'armée (France), 19e Corps d'Armée) was a corps of the French army. In December 1870, the Government of National Defense, Tours delegation created the 19th Army Corps which was formed in Alençon. It was recreated by decree of the Journal Officiel de la République Française, JO of August 13, 1874, it brought together the various military units of Algeria. It constituted the nucleus of the Army of Africa (France), Army of Africa. The corps appears to have been disbanded and superseded by the 10th Military Region by a decree of 18 February 1946. 19th Military Region The Army Corps was located in the 19th Military Region of the Metropolitan Army which included the three départements of Alger (department), Algiers, Oran (department), Oran and Constantine (departement), Constantine, situated in modern day Algeria. The garrisons were principally based in Algiers, Mascara, Algeria, Mascara, Tlemcen, and Ain. Elements were also in Tunisia, forming ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tuat
Tuat, or Touat (), is a natural region of desert in central Algeria that contains a string of small oasis, oases. In the past, the oases were important for Camel caravan, caravans crossing the Sahara. Geography Tuat lies to the south of the Grand Erg Occidental, to the east of the Erg Chech and to the south west of the Tademaït plateau. It contains a string of small oases strung out along the eastern edge of the Wadi Messaoud, a continuation of the Saoura, Wadi Saoura. The oases extend over a distance of 160 km from the district of Bouda in the north to Reggane in the south. The largest town in the region is Adrar, Algeria, Adrar, 20 km southeast of Bouda, Algeria, Bouda. Adrar was established by the French after their conquest in 1900 and had a population of 43,903 in 2002. Associated with each oasis are small walled villages called ''ksar, ksour'' (singular ''ksar'' or ''gsar''). There are also some forts (''kasbahs''), most of them abandoned. There is almost no ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
French Algeria
French Algeria ( until 1839, then afterwards; unofficially ; ), also known as Colonial Algeria, was the period of History of Algeria, Algerian history when the country was a colony and later an integral part of France. French rule lasted until the end of the Algerian War which resulted in Algeria's Independence Day (Algeria), gaining independence on 5 July 1962. The French conquest of Algeria began in 1830 with the Invasion of Algiers (1830), invasion of Algiers which toppled the Regency of Algiers, though Algeria was not fully conquered and Pacification of Algeria, pacified until 1903. It is estimated that by 1875, approximately 825,000 indigenous Algerians were killed. Various scholars describe the French conquest as genocide. Algeria was ruled as a French colony, colony from 1830 to 1848, and then as multiple Departments of France#Departments of Algeria (Départements d'Algérie), departments, an integral part of France, with the implementing of the French Constitution of 18 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Maghnia
Maghnia () (formerly Marnia) is a town in Tlemcen Province, northwestern Algeria. It is the second most populated town in Tlemcen Province, after Tlemcen. The current population is over 200,000. History Archaeologists have found evidence of prehistoric people in the area, who were displaced by the Phoenicians. The remnants of burned Ancient Roman military posts called ''Numerus Syrorum'' were discovered by the French army in 1836, when they entered the area; these posts were occupied, according to the inscriptions, by the ''numerus Severianus Alexandrinus Syrorum'', a unit of Syrian archers. As such, it was the westernmost outpost of Mauretania Caesariensis. Due to its convenient geographical location—within the watershed of Wadi Tafna on the route to Fes from Tlemcen, Maghnia later served as a marketplace for regional nomads. The Berbers named the place Lalla Marnia (Lalla Maghnia), after a local saint buried in the vicinity. Her mausoleum A mausoleum is an externa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Allal Al-Fassi
Muhammad Allal al-Fassi () (January 10, 1910 – May 13, 1974) was a Moroccan revolutionary, politician, writer, poet, Pan-Arabist and Islamic scholar. Early life and exile He was born in Fes and studied at the University of al-Qarawiyyin. He came from the prominent . His father, Abd al-Wahid, was a judge (Qadi) as well as his uncle Abdallah Al-Fassi (1871-1930) who was in charge of his education. For many years, his professor and mentor was Abdeslam Serghini. He started his anti-French political activities very early on in 1926, immediately after joining the University of Al-Qarawiyyin, which would lead to his expulsion from the university in 1927, and banishment from the city of Fes by the French colonial administration who decided to confine him in Taza. He finished his studies at the Zawiya Nassiriya, a Zawiya historically known for its intellectual potency and hostility to European invasions of Morocco. In 1931, he was allowed back to Fes, and he again picked up his pol ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
