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Rum Kale
Rumkale (; ) is a ruined fortress on the Euphrates, located in the province of Gaziantep and 50 km west of Şanlıurfa. Although Rumkale is sometimes linked with places mentioned in ancient sources, the foundations of the structure can be traced back to the Byzantine rule the earliest, when the fortress was the seat of a Syriac Orthodox bishopric. Rumkale evolved into a town when its Armenian civilian population grew in the 11th century. The fortress slipped away from the Byzantine rule when Philaretos Brachamios (), a Byzantine general of Armenian origin, usurped control of the region amidst the political turmoil caused by the Battle of Manzikert in 1071. Rumkale then came under Kogh Vasil, whose adoptive son and successor Vasil Dgha was tortured by Baldwin II of Edessa and forced to relinquish his lands, including Rumkale, to the Crusader states in 1116. Sometime between 1148 and 1150, Catholicos Grigor III Pahlavuni purchased the fortress making it the headquarters of the A ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Yavuzeli
Yavuzeli is a municipality and Districts of Turkey, district of Gaziantep Province, Turkey. Its area is 468 km2, and its population is 22,762 (2022). Composition There are 44 mahalle, neighbourhoods in Yavuzeli District: Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory. Retrieved 12 July 2023. * Akbayır, Yavuzeli, Akbayır * Aşağıhöçüklü, Yavuzeli, Aşağıhöçüklü * Aşağıkayabaşı, Yavuzeli, Aşağıkayabaşı * Aşağıkekliktepe, Yavuzeli, Aşağıkekliktepe * Bağtepe, Yavuzeli, Bağtepe * Bakırca, Yavuzeli, Bakırca * Ballık, Yavuzeli, Ballık * Beğendik, Yavuzeli, Beğendik * Bülbül, Yavuzeli, Bülbül * Büyükkarakuyu, Yavuzeli, Büyükkarakuyu * Çiltoprak, Yavuzeli, Çiltoprak * Çimenli, Yavuzeli, Çimenli * Cingife * Cumhuriyet * Değirmitaş, Yavuzeli, Değirmitaş * Düzce, Yavuzeli, Düzce ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Grigor III Pahlavuni
Grigor III Pahlavuni (; also Catholicos Grigor III Pahlavuni or Gregory III of Cilicia) ( 1093–1166) was the Catholicos of the Armenian Apostolic Church from 1113 to 1166. Biography Election as Catholicos Grigor was consecrated as Catholicos around 1113/14 at the monastery of Karmir Vank in the vicinity of Kaysun where he had been brought by his maternal granduncle Grigor II. Grigor III held office as catholicos for a little more than fifty years, and his younger brother Nerses assisted him greatly during this time. Pahlavuni was able to maintain peace within the Cilician Kingdom and the catholicosate during a time of instability due to raids from foreign invaders. Reunification talks with the Catholic Church In November 1139 he participated together with his brother Nerses in the legatine council convened by the papal legate Alberic of Ostia in the cathedral of Antioch. After that, Grigor continued with Alberic on a pilgrimage to Jerusalem. Here he attended another s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Johann Schiltberger
Johann (Hans) Schiltberger (1380) was a German traveller and writer. He was born of a noble family, probably at Hollern near Lohhof halfway between Munich and Freising. Travels Schiltberger joined the suite of Lienhart Richartinger in 1394, and he then went to fight under Sigismund, King of Hungary (afterwards emperor), against the Ottoman Empire on the Hungarian frontier. At the Battle of Nicopolis on 28 September 1396, he was wounded and taken prisoner; when Schiltberger had recovered the use of his feet, Sultan Bayezid I (Yıldırım) took him into his service as a runner (1396–1402). He was factually a military slave for over twenty years. During this time of enslavement he seems to have accompanied Ottoman troops to certain parts of Asia Minor and to Egypt. On Bayezid's overthrow at the Battle of Ankara (20 July 1402), Schiltberger passed into the service of Bayezid's conqueror Timur: he now appears to have followed Timur to Samarkand, Armenia and Georgia.Johann Sc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Armenian Language
Armenian (endonym: , , ) is an Indo-European languages, Indo-European language and the sole member of the independent branch of the Armenian language family. It is the native language of the Armenians, Armenian people and the official language of Armenia. Historically spoken in the Armenian highlands, today Armenian is also widely spoken throughout the Armenian diaspora. Armenian is written in its own writing system, the Armenian alphabet, introduced in 405 AD by Saint Mesrop Mashtots. The estimated number of Armenian speakers worldwide is between five and seven million. History Classification and origins Armenian is an independent branch of the Indo-European languages. It is of interest to linguists for its distinctive phonological changes within that family. Armenian exhibits Centum and satem languages, more satemization than centumization, although it is not classified as belonging to either of these subgroups. Some linguists tentatively conclude that Armenian, Greek ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Egyptian–Ottoman War (1831–1833)
The First Egyptian–Ottoman War or First Syrian War (1831–1833) was a military conflict between the Ottoman Empire and Egypt Eyalet, Egypt brought about by Muhammad Ali of Egypt, Muhammad Ali Pasha's demand to the Sublime Porte for control of Syria (region), Greater Syria, as reward for aiding the Sultan during the Greek War of Independence. As a result, Egyptian forces temporarily gained control of Syria, advancing as far north as Kütahya. Background Muhammad Ali Pasha of Egypt is recorded as planning to extend his rule to the Ottoman Empire's Syrian provinces as early as 1812, secretly telling the British consul of his designs on the territory that year.E.R. Toledano. (2012). "Muhammad Ali Pasha." ''Encyclopedia of Islam, Second Edition''. This desire was left on hold, however, as he consolidated his rule over Egypt, modernizing its government administration, public services, and armed forces, and suppressing various rebellions, including Mamluk and Wahhabi War, Wahhabi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ibrahim Pasha Of Egypt
Ibrahim Pasha ( ''Ibrāhīm Bāshā''; 1789 – 10 November 1848) was an Egyptian general and politician; he was the commander of both the Egyptian and Ottoman armies and the eldest son of Muhammad Ali, the Ottoman Wāli and unrecognized Khedive of Egypt and Sudan. He was the second ruler of Egypt from the Muhammad Ali Dynasty and ruled from 20 July 1848 to 10 November 1848. Ibrahim served as a general in the Egyptian army that his father established during his reign, taking his first command of Egyptian forces when he was merely a teenager. In the final year of his life, he was appointed Regent for his still-living father and became the effective ruler of Egypt and Sudan, owing to the latter's ill health. His rule also extended over the other dominions that his father had brought under Egyptian rule, namely Syria, Hejaz, Morea, Thasos, and Crete. Ibrahim pre-deceased his father, dying 10 November 1848, only four months after rising to power. He was succeeded as Regent by his n ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Battle Of Marj Dabiq
The Battle of Marj Dābiq (, meaning "the meadow of Dābiq"; ), a decisive military engagement in Middle Eastern history, was fought on 24 August 1516, near the town of Dabiq, 44 km north of Aleppo (modern Syria). The battle was part of the 1516–17 war between the Ottoman Empire and the Mamluk Sultanate, which ended in an Ottoman victory and conquest of much of the Middle East and brought about the destruction of the Mamluk Sultanate. The Ottoman victory in the battle gave Selim's armies control of the entire region of Syria and opened the door to the conquest of Egypt. Battle preparations Sultan Al-Ashraf Qansuh al-Ghawri spent the winter of 1515 and the spring of 1516 preparing an army, which he proposed leading to the disturbed confines of Asia Minor. Before beginning the march, Selim I sent an embassy promising in friendly terms to agree to Mamluk requests to appoint an Egyptian vassal to the Beylik of Dulkadir, a longstanding buffer state between Mamluks and Ot ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire (), also called the Turkish Empire, was an empire, imperial realm that controlled much of Southeast Europe, West Asia, and North Africa from the 14th to early 20th centuries; it also controlled parts of southeastern Central Europe, between the early 16th and early 18th centuries. The empire emerged from a Anatolian beyliks, ''beylik'', or principality, founded in northwestern Anatolia in by the Turkoman (ethnonym), Turkoman tribal leader Osman I. His successors Ottoman wars in Europe, conquered much of Anatolia and expanded into the Balkans by the mid-14th century, transforming their petty kingdom into a transcontinental empire. The Ottomans ended the Byzantine Empire with the Fall of Constantinople, conquest of Constantinople in 1453 by Mehmed II. With its capital at History of Istanbul#Ottoman Empire, Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul) and control over a significant portion of the Mediterranean Basin, the Ottoman Empire was at the centre of interacti ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mongol Empire
The Mongol Empire was the List of largest empires, largest contiguous empire in human history, history. Originating in present-day Mongolia in East Asia, the Mongol Empire at its height stretched from the Sea of Japan to parts of Eastern Europe, extending northward into parts of the Arctic; eastward and southward into parts of the Indian subcontinent, mounting invasions of Southeast Asia, and conquering the Iranian plateau; and reaching westward as far as the Levant and the Carpathian Mountains. The Mongol Empire emerged from the unification of several nomad, nomadic tribes in the Mongol heartland under the leadership of Temüjin, known by the title of Genghis Khan (–1227), whom a council proclaimed as the ruler of all Mongols in 1206. The empire grew rapidly under his rule and that of his descendants, who sent out Mongol invasions, invading armies in every direction. The vast transcontinental empire connected the Eastern world, East with the Western world, West, and the Pac ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ilkhanate
The Ilkhanate or Il-khanate was a Mongol khanate founded in the southwestern territories of the Mongol Empire. It was ruled by the Il-Khans or Ilkhanids (), and known to the Mongols as ''Hülegü Ulus'' (). The Ilkhanid realm was officially known as the Land of Iran or simply Iran. It was established after Hulegu Khan, Hülegü, the son of Tolui and grandson of Genghis Khan, inherited the West Asian and Central Asian part of the Mongol Empire after his brother Möngke Khan died in 1259. The Ilkhanate's core territory was situated in what is now the countries of Iran, Azerbaijan, and Turkey. At its greatest extent, the Ilkhanate also included parts of modern Iraq, Syria, Armenia, Georgia (country), Georgia, Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, Pakistan, part of modern Dagestan, and part of modern Tajikistan. Later Ilkhanid rulers, beginning with Ghazan in 1295, converted to Islam. In the 1330s, the Ilkhanate was ravaged by the Black Death. The last ilkhan, Abu Sa'id Bahadur Khan, died in 133 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mamluk Sultanate
The Mamluk Sultanate (), also known as Mamluk Egypt or the Mamluk Empire, was a state that ruled Egypt, the Levant and the Hejaz from the mid-13th to early 16th centuries, with Cairo as its capital. It was ruled by a military caste of mamluks (freed slave soldiers) headed by a sultan. The sultanate was established with the overthrow of the Ayyubid dynasty in Egypt in 1250 and was conquered by the Ottoman Empire in 1517. Mamluk history is generally divided into the Turkic or Bahri period (1250–1382) and the Circassian or Burji period (1382–1517), called after the predominant ethnicity or corps of the ruling Mamluks during these respective eras. The first rulers of the sultanate hailed from the mamluk regiments of the Ayyubid sultan as-Salih Ayyub (), usurping power from his successor in 1250. The Mamluks under Sultan Qutuz and Baybars routed the Mongols in 1260, halting their southward expansion. They then conquered or gained suzerainty over the Ayyubids' Syrian p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Siege Of Rumkale
The siege of Rumkale or the fall of Rumkale took place in 691 AH/1292 AD and resulted in the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia losing the castle of Rumkale to the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt.Stewart, A. D. (2006). Qal'at al-Rūm/Hromgla/Rumkale and the Mamluk Siege of 691ah/1292ce. In H. N. Kennedy (Ed.), ''Muslim Military Architecture in Greater Syria: From the Coming of Islam to the Ottoman Period'' (pp. 269-280). Brill. Background Amidst the fierce wars between the Egyptian Mamluks on one hand and the Mongol Ilkhanate and the Crusaders on the other hand, the Kingdom of Lesser Armenia which was an Armenian Kingdom in southern Anatolia (modern-day southern Turkey). When the Mongols were preparing to invade Egypt, the Armenians supported them. These forces were annihilated along with the Mongols at the hands of the Egyptian Mamluks in the Battle of Ain Jalut (1260), and in all the battles in which the Armenians cooperated with the Mongols or Crusaders after that. After the Egyptia ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
