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Rulers Of Aleppo
The monarchs of Aleppo reigned as kings, emirs and sultans of the city and its surrounding region since the later half of the 3rd millennium BC, starting with the kings of Armi, followed by the Amorite dynasty of Yamhad. Muslim rule of the city ended with the Ayyubid dynasty which was ousted by the Mongol conquest in 1260. The rulers of Yamhad used the titles of king and Great King, while the Hittite dynasty monarchs used the titles of king and viceroy. The Emirate of Halab was established in 945 by the Hamdanid dynasty and lasted until 1086, when it became a sultanate under the Seljuq dynasty. The sultanate was sometimes ruled together with Damascus under the same sultan. The Artuqids rulers used the titles of Malik and emir, as did the Zengid rulers which added the title atabeg. The Ayyubid monarchs used the titles of sultan and malik. The dates for Yamhad and the Hittite Dynasties are proximate and calculated by the Middle chronology. Yamhad Kings Yamhad was the name ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aleppo Citadel 04
Aleppo is a city in Syria, which serves as the capital of the Aleppo Governorate, the most populous Governorates of Syria, governorate of Syria. With an estimated population of 2,098,000 residents it is Syria's largest city by urban area, and was the largest by population until it was surpassed by Damascus, the capital of Syria. Aleppo is also the largest city in Syria's Governorates of Syria, northern governorates and one of the List of largest cities in the Levant region by population, largest cities in the Levant region. Aleppo is one of List of cities by time of continuous habitation#West Asia, the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world; it may have been inhabited since the sixth millennium BC. Excavations at Tell as-Sawda and Tell al-Ansari, just south of the old city of Aleppo, show that the area was occupied by Amorites by the latter part of the third millennium BC. That is also the time at which Aleppo is first mentioned in cuneiform tablets unearthed in Ebl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Yarim-Lim I
Yarim-Lim I, also given as Yarimlim, (reigned ) was the second king of the ancient Amorite kingdom of Yamhad in modern-day Aleppo, Syria. Family Parentage Yarim-Lim was the son and successor of the first king Sumu-Epuh and his queen Sumunna-Abi. Wife and Children His wife was Gashera, of unknown parents. She outlived her husband and became a strong-willed widow who was part of politics during the reign of Hammurabi. Their daughter Shibtu married Zimri-Lim of Mari. Reign Early Reign and Conflicts The kingdom of Yamhad was being threatened by the Assyrian king Shamshi-Adad I who had surrounded Yamhad through his alliance with Carchemish and Urshu to the north, Qatna to the south, and conquering Mari to the east, appointing his son Yasmah-Adad on its throne.Hamblin, 2002, p. 258. Yarim-Lim ascended the throne after his father was killed in 1780 BC during his campaigns against Shamshi-Adad.Bryce, 2009, p. 773. He was able to stand up to Shamshi-Adad by surrounding him wit ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hurrians
The Hurrians (; ; also called Hari, Khurrites, Hourri, Churri, Hurri) were a people who inhabited the Ancient Near East during the Bronze Age. They spoke the Hurrian language, and lived throughout northern Syria, upper Mesopotamia and southeastern Anatolia. The Hurrians were first documented in the city of Urkesh, where they built their first kingdom. Their largest and most influential Hurrian kingdom was Mitanni. The population of the Hittite Empire in Anatolia included a large population of Hurrians, and there is significant Hurrian influence in Hittite mythology. By the Early Iron Age, the Hurrians had been assimilated with other peoples. The state of Urartu later covered some of the same area. A related people to the Hurrians are the Urarteans. History Early Bronze Age The Khabur River valley became the heart of the Hurrian lands for a millennium. The first known Hurrian kingdom emerged around the city of Urkesh (modern Tell Mozan) during the third millennium BC. There ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mitanni
Mitanni (–1260 BC), earlier called Ḫabigalbat in old Babylonian texts, ; Hanigalbat or Hani-Rabbat in Assyrian records, or in Ancient Egypt, Egyptian texts, was a Hurrian language, Hurrian-speaking state in northern Syria (region), Syria and southeast Anatolia (modern-day Turkey) with Indo-Aryan languages, Indo-Aryan Indo-Aryan superstrate in Mitanni, linguistic and political influences. Since no histories, royal annals or chronicles have yet been found in its excavated sites, knowledge about Mitanni is sparse compared to the other powers in the area, and dependent on what its neighbours commented in their texts. The Hurrians were in the region as of the late 3rd millennium BC. A king of Urkesh with a Hurrian name, Tupkish, was found on a clay sealing dated at Tell Mozan.Salvini, Mirjo. "The earliest evidences of the Hurrians before the formation of the reign of Mittanni." Urkesh and the Hurrians Studies in Honor of Lloyd Cotsen. Urkesh/Mozan Studies Bibliotheca Mesopotamic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hammurabi III
Hammurabi III (reigned - Middle chronology) was the king of Yamhad (Halab) succeeding Yarim-Lim III. Identity Hammurabi III is probably a son of Yarim-Lim III, however there is two confusions regarding his identity. Confusion with Hammurabi II Hammurabi III was thought to be the same king Hammurabi mentioned in Alalakh tablets AlT 21,22 but it is known that Yarim-Lim III was the king of Yamhad during the destruction of Alalakh and the Hittite annals (dating after the destruction of Alalakah) mention king Hammurabi, son of Yarim-Lim III, therefore the Hammurabi in tablets AlT 21,22 can not be the same king as Hammurabi the son of Yarim-Lim III, which led to the distinction between the two monarchs. The Hammurabi mentioned in AlT 21,22 is Hammurabi II, a predecessor to Yarim-Lim III while the Hammurabi mentioned in the Hittite annals is Hammurabi III, son of Yarim-Lim III. The tablets of Alalakh (the main source for the life of Aleppan Kings) ended with Hattusili I's destruction o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Yarim-Lim III
Yarim-Lim III (reigned c. Middle 17th century BC - c. 1625 BC - Middle chronology) was the king of Yamhad (Halab) succeeding Hammurabi II. Reign Yarim-Lim ascended the throne at a time of internal disintegration for Yamhad, combined with foreign threats represented with the rise of the Hittites. He was either the son of Niqmi-Epuh or Irkabtum. First Years and Internal Affairs Yarim-Lim fought and won against Qatna in his early years, but Yamhad's weakness was clear. Ammitakum of Alalakh declared himself king but not as independent ruler, he acknowledged Yarim-Lim as his suzerain and appointed his son Hammurabi as his heir in the presence of Yarim-Lim, declaring him a servant to the great king of Yamhad. Yarim-Lim was a passive actor in naming the heir to Alalakh War with the Hittites The Hittite king Hattusili I exploited Alalakh's proclamation of sovereignty and the internal dissent it caused in Yamhad. He attacked Alalakh in the second year of his Syrian campaigns and conque ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hammurabi II
Hammurabi II (reigned Middle 17th century BC - Middle chronology) was an obscure king of Yamhad (Halab), probably reigning after Irkabtum. Identity Hammurabi II was confused with Hammurabi III, the king of Yamhad who was mentioned as the son of the king of Halab in the annals of Hattusili I. The Alalakh tablets AlT 21 and AlT 22, (naturally made before the destruction of Alalakh) mentions Hammurabi as king, while the Hammurabi mentioned in the Hittites annals (after the destruction of Alalakh) was attested as the son of king Yarim-Lim and since the destruction of Alalakh occurred while Yarim-Lim III Yarim-Lim III (reigned c. Middle 17th century BC - c. 1625 BC - Middle chronology) was the king of Yamhad (Halab) succeeding Hammurabi II. Reign Yarim-Lim ascended the throne at a time of internal disintegration for Yamhad, combined with foreign ... was king, then the Hammurabi in tablets AlT 21 and 22 can not be the same Hammurabi, son and successor of Yarim-Lim III. Position and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Irkabtum
Irkabtum (reigned c. Middle 17th century BC - Middle chronology) was the king of Yamhad (Halab), succeeding his father Niqmi-Epuh. Reign Irkabtum is referred to in an old Hittites, Hittite letter fragment, but he is known primarily through the Alalakh tablets. He engaged in the selling and buying of cities and villages with his vassal king Ammitakum of Alalakh in order to adjust the shared borders between them, and he campaigned in the region of Nashtarbi east of the Euphrates river, against the Hurrian princes who rebelled against Yamhad. The campaign was an important one in that it was used to date legal cases. Irkabtum is known to have concluded a peace treaty with Semuma, the king of the Habiru, on behalf of his vassal kingdom Alalakh, indicating the importance and danger of those autonomous warriors in the region. Death and succession Irkabtum could be the father of Yarim-Lim III. He died and was succeeded by Hammurabi II whose filiation is unknown. References C ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Niqmi-Epuh
Niqmi-Epuḫ, also given as Niqmepa (reigned - Middle chronology) was the king of Yamḫad (Halab) succeeding his father Yarim-Lim II. Reign Little of Aleppo has been excavated by archaeologists. Knowledge about Niqmi-Epuh comes from tablets discovered at Alalakh, Alalaḫ. His existence is confirmed by a number of tablets with his seal on their envelope Yarim-Lim of Alalakh, Yarim-Lim king of Alalakh, uncle of Yarim-Lim II and vassal of Yamhad, died during Niqmi-Epuh's reign and was succeeded by his son Ammitakum, who started to assert Alalakh's semi-independence. The tablets mention Niqmi-Epuh's Votive offering, votive status which he dedicated to Hadad and placed it in that deity's Temple. Tablet AlT*11 informs of his return from Nishin, a place not known before, but certainly inside the territory of Yamhad because the tablet seems to refer to travel and not a military campaign. Niqmi-Epuh's most celebrated deed was his conquest of the town Arazik, near Charchemish, the fall ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Niqmi-Epuh Seal
Niqmi-Epuḫ, also given as Niqmepa (reigned - Middle chronology) was the king of Yamḫad (Halab) succeeding his father Yarim-Lim II. Reign Little of Aleppo has been excavated by archaeologists. Knowledge about Niqmi-Epuh comes from tablets discovered at Alalaḫ. His existence is confirmed by a number of tablets with his seal on their envelope Yarim-Lim king of Alalakh, uncle of Yarim-Lim II and vassal of Yamhad, died during Niqmi-Epuh's reign and was succeeded by his son Ammitakum, who started to assert Alalakh's semi-independence. The tablets mention Niqmi-Epuh's votive status which he dedicated to Hadad and placed it in that deity's Temple. Tablet AlT*11 informs of his return from Nishin, a place not known before, but certainly inside the territory of Yamhad because the tablet seems to refer to travel and not a military campaign. Niqmi-Epuh's most celebrated deed was his conquest of the town Arazik, near Charchemish, the fall of this city was important to the extent ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Yarim-Lim II
Yarim-Lim II (reigned - Middle chronology ) was the king of Yamhad (Halab, Aleppo) succeeding his father Abba-El I. Reign Little of Aleppo has been excavated by archaeologists and knowledge about Yamhad and its kings mainly comes from tablets discovered at Alalakh and Mari. Little is known about Yarim-Lim II. His existence is confirmed by a seal inscription discovered at Alalakh, where he designates himself as son of Abba-El I and "beloved of the god Hadad". One of his ministers was Ini-Kubaba, known from his seal inscription found in Alalakh. Identity The identity of this king is under dispute: Abba-El I had a brother called Yarim-Lim to whom he gave the kingdom of Alalakh. The king of Alalakh mentions that he is the son of Hammurabi I, and Yarim-Lim II in his seal inscription mentions that he is the son of Abba-El I, however Moshe Weinfeld suggests that Yarim-Lim II of Yamhad is the same Yarim-Lim of Alalakh. He believes that the seal which mentions that Yarim-Lim was a so ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Yarim-Lim II Royal Seal (reigned c. 1625 BC), king of Yamhad
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Yarim-Lim may refer to the following ancient kings. * Yarim-Lim I (reigned c. 1780 BC–c. 1764 BC), king of Yamhad in modern-day Aleppo, Syria * Yarim-Lim of Alalakh (reigned c. 1735 BC–c. ? BC), king of Alalakh in Turkey, near Syrian border * Yarim-Lim II of Alalakh, possible second king of Alalakh who was the grandchild of the first; see * Yarim-Lim II (reigned c. 1720 BC–c. 1700 BC), king of Yamhad * Yarim-Lim III Yarim-Lim III (reigned c. Middle 17th century BC - c. 1625 BC - Middle chronology) was the king of Yamhad (Halab) succeeding Hammurabi II. Reign Yarim-Lim ascended the throne at a time of internal disintegration for Yamhad, combined with foreign ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
