|
Robin Hood Plan
The Robin Hood Plan is a colloquialism given to a provision of Texas Senate Bill 7 (73rd Texas Legislature) (the provision is officially referred to as "recapture"), originally enacted by the U.S. state of Texas in 1993 (and revised frequently since then) to provide equity of school financing within all school districts in the state of Texas. The plan is now codified within the Texas Education Code as Section 49.002. The original bill was passed in response to numerous court rulings (both Federal and state, notably the Texas Supreme Court's ruling in ''Edgewood Independent School District v. Kirby'') that previous financing schemes were in violation of the Texas Constitution's requirements regarding what constitutes "an efficient system of public free schools" as that provision interacts with another provision prohibiting a statewide ad valorem property tax. Though the legislation has been revised since then, its basic premise remains the same: it limits both the amounts that s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Texas
Texas ( , ; or ) is the most populous U.S. state, state in the South Central United States, South Central region of the United States. It borders Louisiana to the east, Arkansas to the northeast, Oklahoma to the north, New Mexico to the west, and has Mexico-United States border, an international border with the Mexican states of Chihuahua (state), Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo León, and Tamaulipas to the south and southwest. Texas has Texas Gulf Coast, a coastline on the Gulf of Mexico to the southeast. Covering and with over 31 million residents as of 2024, it is the second-largest state List of U.S. states and territories by area, by area and List of U.S. states and territories by population, population. Texas is nicknamed the ''Lone Star State'' for its former status as the independent Republic of Texas. Spain was the first European country to Spanish Texas, claim and control Texas. Following French colonization of Texas, a short-lived colony controlled by France, Mexico ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mexican American Legal Defense And Educational Fund
The Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund (MALDEF) is a national non-profit organization, non-profit civil rights organization formed in 1968 by Jack Greenberg to protect the rights of Hispanic and Latino Americans, Latinos in the United States."MALDEF" entry in ''Los Angeles A to Z: An Encyclopedia of the City and County'', by Leonard and Dale Pitt, published by UC Press in 1997. Founded in San Antonio, Texas, it is currently headquartered in Los Angeles, California and maintains regional offices in Sacramento, California, Sacramento, San Antonio, Texas, San Antonio, Chicago, Illinois, Chicago, and Washington, D.C. Background MALDEF was founded in San Antonio in 1968 under the direction of Jack Greenberg. With the help of the League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC) and the NAACP Legal Defense Fund (LDF), MALDEF got a $2.2 million grant from the Ford Foundation. The grant provided scholarships for more Mexican-American lawyers. In its first three years, MAL ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Education Finance In The United States
Education is the transmission of knowledge and skills and the development of character traits. Formal education occurs within a structured institutional framework, such as public schools, following a curriculum. Non-formal education also follows a structured approach but occurs outside the formal schooling system, while informal education involves unstructured learning through daily experiences. Formal and non-formal education are categorized into levels, including early childhood education, primary education, secondary education, and tertiary education. Other classifications focus on teaching methods, such as teacher-centered and student-centered education, and on subjects, such as science education, language education, and physical education. Additionally, the term "education" can denote the mental states and qualities of educated individuals and the academic field studying educational phenomena. The precise definition of education is disputed, and there are disagreements ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Texas Law
The law of Texas is derived from the '' Constitution of Texas'' and consists of several levels, including constitutional law, statutory law, regulatory law, case law, as well as local laws and regulations. Each level establishes a framework for the relationship between the state, local governments, and its people. By defining power, responsibility, and the limitation of these entities, the law of Texas provides the structural and legal foundation upon which Texas and local governments operate and influence policy decisions across all local levels. Sources The Constitution of Texas is the foremost source of state law. Legislation is enacted by the Texas Legislature, published in the '' General and Special Laws'', and codified in the ''Texas Statutes''. State agencies publish regulations (sometimes called administrative law) in the '' Texas Register'', which are in turn codified in the '' Texas Administrative Code''. The Texas legal system is based on common law, which is in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Education In Texas
Texas has over 1,000 public school districts—all but one of the school districts in Texas are ''independent'', separate from any form of municipal or county government. School districts may (and often do) cross city and county boundaries. Independent school districts have the power to tax their residents and to assert eminent domain over privately owned property. The Texas Education Agency (TEA) oversees these districts, providing supplemental funding, but its jurisdiction is limited mostly to intervening in poorly performing districts. 36 separate and distinct public universities exist in Texas, of which 32 belong to one of the six state university systems. The Carnegie Foundation classifies 11 of Texas's universities as research universities with very high research activity (Tier One status): Rice University, University of Texas at Austin, The University of Texas at Austin, Texas Tech University, University of Houston, University of North Texas, Texas A&M University, Texa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Redistributive Change
Redistributive change is a legal theory of economic justice in the context of U.S. law that promotes the recognition of poverty as a classification, like race, ethnicity, gender, and religion, that should likewise draw extra scrutiny from the courts in matters pertaining to civil rights. The theory was discussed in academia in the wake of ''Goldberg v. Kelly'', a 1970 U.S. Supreme Court case, which decided that due process, such as a notice and a fair hearing, were required when dealing with the deprivation of a government benefit (such as a medical license) or an entitlement (such as welfare payments). However, attempts to promote redistributive change through the courts gained no traction, and the result of ''Goldberg v. Kelly'' was, thus, limited in scope. One of the goals, in light of ''Brown v. Board of Education'', was to promote equality in school funding, but this was specifically rejected by the Supreme Court in '' San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodrig ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Abbott District
''Abbott'' districts are school districts in New Jersey that are provided remedies to ensure that their students receive public education in accordance with Constitution of New Jersey, the state constitution. They were created in 1985 as a result of the first ruling of ''Abbott v. Burke'', a case filed by the Education Law Center. The ruling asserted that public primary and secondary education in poor communities throughout the state was unconstitutionally substandard. The ''Abbott II'' ruling in 1990 had the most far-reaching effects, ordering the state to fund the (then) 28 ''Abbott'' districts at the average level of the state's wealthiest districts. The Abbott District system was replaced in 2007 by the New Jersey Schools Development Authority. There are now 31 "''Abbott'' districts" in the state, which are now referred to as "SDA Districts" based on the requirement for the state to cover all costs for school building and renovation projects in these districts under the supe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Serrano V
Serrano may refer to: People * Serrano people, a Native American tribe of Southern California * Serrano language, the language spoken by the Serrano people * Serrano (surname), people with the surname Serrano Places * Serrano, Lecce, an Italian town * Serrano Community in El Dorado Hills, California * Villa Serrano, Bolivia Ships * ''Serrano''-class destroyer, a class of Chilean warship; also the name of the lead destroyer in the class *''Serrano'', or '' Teniente Serrano'', a Chilean destroyer built in 1896 Other uses * Serrano ham, a type of dry-cured Spanish ham * Serrano (restaurant), a chain of Tex-Mex restaurants in Iceland and Sweden *Serrano pepper The serrano pepper (''Capsicum annuum'') is a type of chili pepper that originated in the mountainous regions of the Mexican states of Puebla and Hidalgo. The Scoville rating of the serrano pepper is 10,000 to 25,000. The name of the peppe ..., a type of chili * Serrano Football Club, a Brazilian football club * Serra ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Travis County, Texas
Travis County is located in Central Texas. As of the 2020 United States census, 2020 census, the population was 1,290,188. It is the List of counties in Texas, fifth-most populous county in Texas. Its county seat and most populous city is Austin, Texas, Austin, the state's capital. The county was established in 1840 and is named in honor of William Barret Travis, the commander of the Republic of Texas forces at the Battle of the Alamo. Travis County is part of the Austin–Round Rock, Texas, Round Rock–Georgetown, Texas, Georgetown Greater Austin, Metropolitan Statistical Area. It is located along the Balcones Fault, the boundary between the Edwards Plateau to the west and the Blackland Prairie to the east. History Indigenous and Spanish periods Evidence of habitation of the Balcones Escarpment region of Texas can be traced to at least 11,000 years ago. Two of the oldest Paleolithic archeological sites in Texas, the Levi Rock Shelter and Smith Rock Shelter, are in southwest ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Texas Comptroller Of Public Accounts
The Texas Comptroller of Public Accounts is an executive branch position created by the Texas Constitution. The comptroller is popularly elected every four years, and is primarily tasked with collecting all state tax revenue and estimating the amount of revenue that the Texas Legislature can spend each biennium. The current comptroller is Glenn Hegar, who took office on January 2, 2015. History The predecessor to the current comptroller's office started in 1846. The longest-serving Comptrollers in Texas history are Robert S. Calvert, who held the post for 26 consecutive years for an unprecedented twelve terms; George H. Sheppard, who served for 18 years over nine two-year terms; Bob Bullock, who served for 16 years for four four-year terms and later was notable as one of the most powerful Lieutenant Governors in Texas history (and the namesake for the state's official history museum) and current Comptroller Glenn Hegar holds the fourth longest-serving tenure with 10 years. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cigarette Tax
Tobacco smoking is the practice of burning tobacco and ingesting the resulting tobacco smoke, smoke. The smoke may be inhaled, as is done with cigarettes, or released from the mouth, as is generally done with Tobacco pipe, pipes and cigars. The practice is believed to have begun as early as 5000–3000 BC in Mesoamerica and South America. Tobacco was introduced to Eurasia in the late 17th century by European colonisation of the Americas, European colonists, where it followed common trade routes. The practice encountered criticism from its first import into the Western world onward but embedded itself in certain strata of several societies before becoming widespread upon the introduction of automated cigarette-rolling apparatus. Smoking is the most common method of consuming tobacco, and tobacco is the most common substance smoked. The agricultural product is often mixed with additives and then combusted. The resulting smoke, which contains various active substances, the most sig ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
West Orange-Cove Consolidated Independent School District
The West Orange-Cove Consolidated Independent School District is a public school district in Orange County, Texas. The district serves the cities of West Orange and Pinehurst as well as portions of Orange, including the majority of Orange below I-10, and the Old Peveto area. The district has 5 schools, including West Orange-Stark High School and West Orange-Stark Middle School. History West Orange-Cove was ultimately formed from the West Orange, Cove, and Orange Independent School Districts. Shortly after West Orange and Cove consolidated (1965–1966), the new West Orange-Cove was forced to by the Texas Education Agency absorb Orange Public Schools, which had recently dropped its status as an ISD, and operated through the City of Orange . The final consolidation was in 1967. The district's name upon consolidation was West Orange-Cove Consolidated Independent School District. West Orange ISD and Cove ISD History Although unknown when the dates of operation were, the c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
