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Retortamonas
''Retortamonas'' is a genus of flagellated excavates.Geiman, Q. M. 1932: Retortamonas caudacus (n. sp.), an Intestinal Flagellate from a Beetle Larva, Gyrinidae sp. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society 51(4), 219-224. Doi: DOI: 10.2307/3222268Kulda J., Nohýnková E., Čepička I. 2017: Retortamonadida (with Notes on Carpediemonas-Like Organisms and Caviomonadidae). In: Archibald J., Simpson A., Slamovits C. (eds) Handbook of the Protists. Springer, Cham: 1247-1278. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-28149-0_3 It is one of only two genera belonging to the family Retortamonadidae along with the genus '' Chilomastix''. Martinez-Diaz, R. A., Castro, A. T., Herrera, S. and Ponce, F. 2001: First Report of the Genus Retortamonas (Sarcomastigophora: Retortamonadidae) in Birds. Memórias do Instituto Oswalda Cruz, 96(7), 961-963. doi: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0074-02762001000700013 The genus parasitizes a large range of hosts including humans.Hendarto, J., Mizuno, T., ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Retortamonas Intestinalis
''Retortamonas intestinalis'' is a species of retortamonads which is found in the gastrointestinal tract The gastrointestinal tract (GI tract, digestive tract, alimentary canal) is the tract or passageway of the digestive system that leads from the mouth to the anus. The GI tract contains all the major organ (biology), organs of the digestive syste .... Ecology Habitat ''Retortamonas intestinalis'' resides in unhygienic areas and are fond of extremely warm climates, inferring that they do not survive in the cold. Infection How It Spreads ''Retortamonas intestinalis'' usually spreads through human hosts (as nonhuman hosts containing this organism have not been reported) in the form of cysts via the stool of the individual. However, the probability of infection through this is very low, as the common factors pertaining to infection is the exposure of unsanitary contamination and overcrowding of the populus. References Metamonads Species described in 1917 {{Exca ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Retortamonadida
The retortamonads are a small group of flagellates, most commonly found in the intestines of animals as commensals, although a free-living species called the ''Chilomastix cuspidata'' exists. They are grouped under the taxon, Archezoa. They are usually around 5-20 μm in length, and all of their small subunit ribosomal RNA gene sequences are very similar to each other. There are two genera: ''Retortamonas'' with two flagella, and ''Chilomastix'' with four. In both cases there are four basal bodies anterior to a prominent feeding groove, and one flagellum is directed back through the cell, emerging from the groove. The retortamonads lack mitochondria, golgi apparatus, dictyosomes, and peroxisomes. They are close relatives of the diplomonads, and are placed among the metamonad The metamonads are microscopic eukaryotic organisms, a large group of flagellate amitochondriate Loukozoa. Their composition is not entirely settled, but they include the retortamonads, diplomonads ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Retortamonadidae
The retortamonads are a small group of flagellates, most commonly found in the intestines of animals as commensals, although a free-living species called the ''Chilomastix cuspidata'' exists. They are grouped under the taxon, Archezoa. They are usually around 5-20 μm in length, and all of their small subunit ribosomal RNA gene sequences are very similar to each other. There are two genera: ''Retortamonas'' with two flagella, and ''Chilomastix'' with four. In both cases there are four basal bodies anterior to a prominent feeding groove, and one flagellum is directed back through the cell, emerging from the groove. The retortamonads lack mitochondria, golgi apparatus, dictyosomes, and peroxisomes. They are close relatives of the diplomonads, and are placed among the metamonad The metamonads are microscopic eukaryotic organisms, a large group of flagellate amitochondriate Loukozoa. Their composition is not entirely settled, but they include the retortamonads, diplomonads, a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hexamita
''Hexamita'' is a genus of parasitic diplomonads. It is related to ''Giardia''. ''H. columbae'' and ''H. meleagridis'' live in the intestines of birds. ''H. muris'' and ''H. pitheci'' live in the intestines of mammals. ''H. salmonis'' and ''H. truttae'' live in the intestines of fish. The genus also includes the species '' Hexamita inflata''. It is believed that ''Hexamita'' parasites are one possible cause for head and lateral line erosion Head and lateral line erosion, (HLLE) or hole-in-the-head (HITH) is a disease in fish. Chronic ulcerative dermatopathy or chronic erosive dermatopathy are symptoms of similar conditions with different etiology. Symptoms HLLE begins as small pits ... ("hole-in-the-head disease") in aquarium fishes. References External links * http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Hexamita * * http://www.lexic.us/definition-of/Hexamita Metamonads {{parasite-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Excavata
Excavata is a major supergroup of unicellular organisms belonging to the domain Eukaryota. It was first suggested by Simpson and Patterson in 1999 and introduced by Thomas Cavalier-Smith in 2002 as a formal taxon. It contains a variety of free-living and symbiotic forms, and also includes some important parasites of humans, including '' Giardia'' and '' Trichomonas''. Excavates were formerly considered to be included in the now obsolete Protista kingdom. They are classified based on their flagellar structures, and they are considered to be the most basal flagellate lineage. Phylogenomic analyses split the members of Excavata into three different and not all closely related groups: Discobids, Metamonads and Malawimonads. Except for Euglenozoa, they are all non-photosynthetic. Characteristics Most excavates are unicellular, heterotrophic flagellates. Only the Euglenozoa are photosynthetic. In some (particularly anaerobic intestinal parasites), the mitochondria have been grea ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chilomastix
''Chilomastix'' is a genus of pyriform excavates within the family Retortamonadidae All species within this genus are flagellated, structured with three flagella pointing anteriorly and a fourth contained within the feeding groove. ''Chilomastix'' also lacks Golgi apparatus and mitochondria but does possess a single nucleus. The genus parasitizes a wide range of vertebrate hosts, but is known to be typically non-pathogenic, and is therefore classified as harmless. The life cycle of ''Chilomastix'' lacks an intermediate host or vector. ''Chilomastix'' has a resistant cyst stage responsible for transmission and a trophozoite stage, which is recognized as the feeding stage. ''Chilomastix mesnili'' is one of the more studied species in this genus due to the fact it is a human parasite. Therefore, much of the information on this genus is based on what is known about this one species. History of knowledge The nomenclature of this genus has been under much dispute throughout history, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Giardia
''Giardia'' ( or ) is a genus of anaerobic flagellated protozoan parasites of the phylum Metamonada that colonise and reproduce in the small intestines of several vertebrates, causing the disease giardiasis. Their life cycle alternates between a swimming trophozoite and an infective, resistant cyst. ''Giardia'' were first described by the Dutch microscopist Antonie van Leeuwenhoek in 1681. The genus is named after French zoologist Alfred Mathieu Giard. Characteristics Like other diplomonads, ''Giardia'' have two nuclei, each with four associated flagella, and were thought to lack both mitochondria and Golgi apparatuses. However, they are now known to possess a complex endomembrane system as well as mitochondrial remnants, called mitosomes, through mitochondrial reduction. The mitosomes are not used in ATP synthesis the way mitochondria are, but are involved in the maturation of iron-sulfur proteins. The synapomorphies of genus ''Giardia'' include cells with dup ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Diplomonadida
The diplomonads (Greek for "two units") are a group of flagellates, most of which are parasitic. They include ''Giardia duodenalis'', which causes giardiasis in humans. They are placed among the metamonads, and appear to be particularly close relatives of the retortamonads. Most diplomonads are double cells: they have two nuclei, each with four associated flagella, arranged symmetrically about the body's main axis. Like the retortamonads, they lack both mitochondria and Golgi apparatuses. However, they are now known to possess modified mitochondria, in the case of ''G. duodenalis'', called mitosomes. These are not used in ATP synthesis the way mitochondria are, but are involved in the maturation of iron-sulfur proteins. Possible sexual reproduction in ''Giardia'' The common intestinal parasite ''Giardia duodenalis'' (synonyms ''Giardia lamblia'', ''G. intestinalis'') was once considered to be a descendant of a protist lineage that predated the emergence of meiosis and sex ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Eukaryota
Eukaryotes () are organisms whose cells have a nucleus. All animals, plants, fungi, and many unicellular organisms, are Eukaryotes. They belong to the group of organisms Eukaryota or Eukarya, which is one of the three domains of life. Bacteria and Archaea (both prokaryotes) make up the other two domains. The eukaryotes are usually now regarded as having emerged in the Archaea or as a sister of the Asgard archaea. This implies that there are only two domains of life, Bacteria and Archaea, with eukaryotes incorporated among archaea. Eukaryotes represent a small minority of the number of organisms, but, due to their generally much larger size, their collective global biomass is estimated to be about equal to that of prokaryotes. Eukaryotes emerged approximately 2.3–1.8 billion years ago, during the Proterozoic eon, likely as Flagellated cell, flagellated phagotrophs. Their name comes from the Greek language, Greek wikt:εὖ, εὖ (''eu'', "well" or "good") and wikt:� ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
