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Rashid Al-Din Vatvat
Rashid al-Din Muhammad ibn Muhammad ibn Abd Jalil al-Umari (; 1088/9 – 1182/3), better known by his nickname of Vatvat (; "the swallow"), was a secretary, poet, philologist in the Khwarazmian Empire. In addition to being a prolific author in Arabic and Persian, he also occupied high-ranking offices, serving as the chief secretary and propagandist under the Khwarazmshahs Atsiz () and Il-Arslan (). Although Vatvat spent most of his life in the Khwarazmian capital of Gurganj, he was himself a native of Balkh or Bukhara. He mainly composed panegyric '' qasidehs'', but his rhetorical work '' Hada'iq al-sihr fi daqa'iq al-shi'r'' ("Gardens of Magic in the Subtleties of Poetry") is in prose. Biography Vatvat was born in 1088/9 in either the city of Balkh or Bukhara, to a Sunni Persian family, which claimed descent from the second Caliph Omar (). Vatvat was educated at a Nizamiya ''madrasa'' in Balkh, where he became well-read in the Arabic philological tradition. There he became a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Incipit
The incipit ( ) of a text is the first few words of the text, employed as an identifying label. In a musical composition, an incipit is an initial sequence of Musical note, notes, having the same purpose. The word ''incipit'' comes from Latin and means "it begins". Its counterpart taken from the ending of the text is the Explicit (text), explicit. Before the development of title (publishing), titles, texts were often referred to by their incipits, as with for example ''Agnus Dei (liturgy), Agnus Dei''. During the medieval period in Europe, incipits were often written in a different Typeface, script or colour from the rest of the work of which they were a part, and "incipit pages" might be heavily decorated with Illuminated manuscript, illumination. Though the word ''incipit'' is Latin, the practice of the incipit predates classical antiquity by several millennia and can be found in various parts of the world. Although not always called by the name of ''incipit'' today, the practi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Madrasa
Madrasa (, also , ; Arabic: مدرسة , ), sometimes Romanization of Arabic, romanized as madrasah or madrassa, is the Arabic word for any Educational institution, type of educational institution, secular or religious (of any religion), whether for elementary education or higher learning. In countries outside the Arab world, the word usually refers to a specific type of religious school or college for the study of the religion of Islam (loosely equivalent to a Seminary, Christian seminary), though this may not be the only subject studied. In an Islamic architecture, architectural and historical context, the term generally refers to a particular kind of institution in the historic Muslim world which primarily taught Sharia, Islamic law and Fiqh, jurisprudence (''fiqh''), as well as other subjects on occasion. The origin of this type of institution is widely credited to Nizam al-Mulk, a vizier under the Seljuk Empire, Seljuks in the 11th century, who was responsible for buildi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Anvari
Anvari (1126–1189), full name Awhad ad-Din 'Ali ibn Mohammad Khavarani or Awhad ad-Din 'Ali ibn Mahmud () was a Persian poet. Anvarī was born in Abivard (now in Turkmenistan) and died in Balkh, Khorāsān (now in Afghanistan).''Encyclopædia Britannica''Online Edition 2007/ref> He studied science and literature at the collegiate institute in Toon (now Ferdows, Iran), becoming a famous astronomer as well as a poet. Anvari's poems were collected in a Divan, and contains panegyrics, eulogies, satire, and others. His elegy "Tears of Khorasan", translated into English in 1789, is considered to be one of the most beautiful poems in Persian literature. ''The Cambridge History of Iran'' calls Anvari "one of the greatest figures in Persian literature". Despite their beauty, his poems often required much help with interpretation, as they were often complex and difficult to understand. Anvari's panegyric in honour of the Seljuk sultan Sultan Sanjar (1117–1157), ruler of Khoras ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Adib Sabir
Shihabuddin Sharaful-udaba Sabir (Persian: شهابالدین شرفالادبا صابر) known as Adib Sabir (ادیب صابر), was a 12th-century Persian poet. Originating from Termedh, he was employed in the court of Sultan Sanjar. He is said to have also been used by the Sultan as a spy against the Sultan's enemies, who eventually drowned him in the Oxus in 1143 AD. His Persian poetry writings are fluent and refined in style. See also * List of Persian poets and authors *Persian literature *Persian poetry Persian literature comprises oral compositions and written texts in the Persian language and is one of the world's oldest literatures. It spans over two-and-a-half millennia. Its sources have been within Greater Iran including present-day ... References Sources * Jan Rypka, ''History of Iranian Literature''. Reidel Publishing Company. ASIN B-000-6BXVT-K 1143 deaths 12th-century Persian-language poets 12th-century Persian-language writers ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Khaqani
Afzal al-Dīn Badīl ibn ʿAlī ibn ʿOthmān (), commonly known as Khāqānī (, , – 1199), was a major Persian poet and prose-writer. He was born in Transcaucasia in the historical region known as Shirvan, where he served as an ode-writer to the Shirvanshahs. His fame most securely rests upon the qasidas collected in his '' Divān'', and his autobiographical travelogue ''Tohfat al-ʿErāqayn''. He is also notable for his contributions to the genre of '' habsiyāt'' ("prison poetry"). Life Khaqani was born into the family of a carpenter in Shirvan. Khaqani's mother was originally a slave-girl of Nestorian Christian faith who had converted to Islam. According to Khaqani, she was a descendant of "the great Philippus", which some scholars such as Minorsky (1945) have interpreted as meaning Marcus Julius Philippus, the third-century Roman emperor. Khaqani lost his father at an early age and was brought up by his uncle, Kāfi-al-Din ʿOmar, a physician. Later in lif ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Qasida
The qaṣīda (also spelled ''qaṣīdah''; plural ''qaṣā’id'') is an ancient Arabic word and form of poetry, often translated as ode. The qasida originated in pre-Islamic Arabic poetry and passed into non-Arabic cultures after the Arab Muslim expansion. The word ''qasida'' is originally an Arabic word (, plural ''qaṣā’id'', ), and is still used throughout the Arabic-speaking world; it was borrowed into some other languages such as (alongside , ''chakameh''), and . The classic form of qasida maintains both monometer, a single elaborate meter throughout the poem, and monorhyme, where every line rhymes on the same soundAkiko Motoyoshi Sumi, ''Description in Classical Arabic Poetry: ''Waṣf'', Ekphrasis, and Interarts Theory'', Brill Studies in Middle Eastern literatures, 25 (Leiden: Brill, 2004), p. 1. It typically runs from fifteen to eighty lines, and sometimes more than a hundred. Well-known examples of this genre include the poems of the Mu'allaqat (a collectio ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Diwan (poetry)
A diwan (from Persian language, Persian ; ) is a collection of Poetry, poems by a single author – usually excluding the poet's Mathnawi (poetic form), long poems – in Islamic cultures of West Asia, Central Asia, North Africa, Sicily and South Asia. The vast majority of Diwan poetry was Lyric poetry, lyric in nature: either ghazals (or ''gazel''s, which make up the greatest part of the repertoire of the tradition) or ''kasîde''s. There were, however, other common genres, most particularly the ''mesnevî''—a kind of Courtly romance, verse romance and thus a variety of narrative poetry; the two most notable examples of this form are the ''Layla and Majnun'' (ليلى و مجنون) of Fuzûlî and the ''Hüsn ü Aşk'' (حسن و عشق – 'Beauty and Love') of Şeyh Gâlib. Originating in Persian literature, the idea spread to the Arab, Turkic and Indic worlds, and the term was sometimes used in Europe, albeit not always in the same way. Etymology The English usage of t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dawlatshah Samarqandi
Dawlatshah Samarqandi (; – 1494/1507) was a poet and biographer active under the Timurid Empire. He is principally known for composing the ''Tadhkirat al-shu'ara'' ("Memorial of poets"), a Persian biographical dictionary of 152 poets, considered highly important for its information about the cultural and political history of Iran and Transoxania under Timurid rule. Life A member of the elite of the Timurid Empire, Dawlatshah was born in 1438. He was the son of Amir Ala al-Dawla Bukhtishah, who served under the Timurid ruler Shah Rukh (). Dawlatshah was the cousin of Amir Firuzshah (died 1444), whose family had received the governorship of Isfahan following the death of the Timurid prince Rustam Mirza in 1423–1425. Dawlatshah had a brother named Amir Radi al-Din Ali, who served under the Timurid prince Abul-Qasim Babur Mirza and composed poems in Persian and Chagatai Turkic. Dawlatshah also wrote poetry and was occasionally a companion of Sultan Husayn Bayqara (), but event ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ahmad Sanjar
Sanjar (, ; full name: ''Muizz ad-Dunya wa ad-Din Adud ad-Dawlah Abul-Harith Ahmad Sanjar ibn Malik-Shah'') (6 November 1086 – 8 May 1157) was the Seljuq ruler of Khorasan from 1097 until 1118,"SANJAR, Aḥmad b. Malekšāh" ''Encyclopædia Iranica'' when he became the of the Seljuq Empire, which he ruled until his death in 1157. Early years Sanjar was born on 6 November 1086 in Sinjar, a town situated in northwestern |
Seljuk Empire
The Seljuk Empire, or the Great Seljuk Empire, was a High Middle Ages, high medieval, culturally Turco-Persian tradition, Turco-Persian, Sunni Islam, Sunni Muslim empire, established and ruled by the Qiniq (tribe), Qïnïq branch of Oghuz Turks. The empire spanned a total area of from Anatolia and the Levant in the west to the Hindu Kush in the east, and from Central Asia in the north to the Persian Gulf in the south, and it spanned the time period 1037–1308, though Seljuk rule beyond the Anatolian peninsula ended in 1194. The Seljuk Empire was founded in 1037 by Tughril (990–1063) and his brother Chaghri Beg, Chaghri (989–1060), both of whom co-ruled over its territories; there are indications that the Seljuk leadership otherwise functioned as a triumvirate and thus included Seljuk dynasty, Musa Yabghu, the uncle of the aforementioned two. During the formative phase of the empire, the Seljuks first advanced from their original homelands near the Aral Sea into Greater Kho ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Khwarazmshahs
Khwarazmshah was an ancient title used regularly by the rulers of the Central Asian region of Khwarazm starting from the Late Antiquity until the advent of the Mongols in the early 13th-century, after which it was used infrequently. There were a total of four families who ruled as Khwarazmshahs—the Afrighids (305–995), Ma'munids (995–1017), the line of Altuntash (1017–1041), and the most prominent ones, the Anushteginids (1097–1231). Like other contemporary Central Asian titles, such as ''Afshin'' and '' Ikhshid'', the title of Khwarazmshah is of Iranian origin. History Afrighids Most of Afrighid history was recorded by the Khwarazmian scholar al-Biruni (died 1050), whose reliability has been questioned. According to the latter, the Afrighids were founded by Afrig in 305, succeeding the semi-legendary line of the Siyavushids, founded by the Iranian king Kay Khosrow. However, extensive Soviet archeological findings demonstrate that al-Biruni was in reality not well ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
