|
Ramiro II Of León
Ramiro II ( 900 – 1 January 951), son of Ordoño II of León, Ordoño II and Elvira Menendez, was a Kingdom of León, King of León from 931 until his death. Initially titular king only of a lesser part of the kingdom, he gained the crown of León (and with it, Kingdom of Galicia, Galicia) after supplanting his brother Alfonso IV of León, Alfonso IV and cousin Alfonso Fróilaz in 931. The scant ''Anales castellanos primeros'' are a primary source for his reign. He actively campaigned against the Moors, who referred to him as the Devil due to his ferocity and fervor in battle. He defeated the hosts of the Umayyad caliph, Abd al-Rahman III, at the Battle of Simancas (939). Succession When, shortly before his death in 910, Alfonso III of Asturias was forced by his sons to abdicate, the Kingdom of Asturias descended into a period of successional crises among the royal family and their supporters from the regional March (territory), marcher aristocracies. The kingdom was initially ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of Leonese Monarchs
In the reign of Ordoño I of Asturias (850–866), the kingdom began to be known as that of Kingdom of León, León. In 910, an independent Kingdom of León was founded when the king of Kingdom of Asturias, Asturias divided his territory amongst his three sons. Below follows a list of Leonese monarchs. It is, in part, a continuation of the list of Asturian monarchs. Kings of León Astur-Leonese dynasty Jiménez Dynasty House of Ivrea, House of Ivrea / Burgundy The follow dynasts are descendants, in the male line, of Urraca's husband, Raymond of Burgundy. House of Trastámara Henry II, the founder of the Trastámara dynasty was installed after victory in the Castilian Civil War. Under the Trastámaras, as with the late kings of the House of Ivrea/Burgundy, Castile and León were governed together, constituting the core of the Crown of Castile. House of Habsburg Under the Hapsburgs, León continued to be governed as part of the Crown of Castile, as under the T ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Anales Castellanos Primeros
{{italictitle The ''Anales castellanos primeros'' ("First Castilian Annals"), formerly called the ''Cronicón de San Isidoro'' (or ''Isidro'') ''de León'' (''Chronicon sancti Isidori Legionensis anonymum'') after the Basilica of San Isidoro in León where they were found on the first folio of a manuscript (now Madrid, BN, mss. V. 4, I), are a set of fragmentary Latin annals, principally genealogical in scope, that cover the years 618 to 939 and were written shortly after this last date by an anonymous compiler. The dating is based on a reference to Ramiro II of León (931–51) as "our king" when his confrontation with the Moors at Osma Burgo de Osma-Ciudad de Osma is the third-largest municipality in the province of Soria, in the autonomous community of Castile and León, Spain. It has a population of about 5,250. It is made up of two parts: *the smaller Ciudad de Osma (city ... is recorded. Editions *In R. P. J. Tailhan, ed. 1885. ''Anonyme de Cordoue: Chronique rimée de ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Coimbra
Coimbra (, also , , or ), officially the City of Coimbra (), is a city and a concelho, municipality in Portugal. The population of the municipality at the 2021 census was 140,796, in an area of . The fourth-largest agglomerated urban area in Portugal after Lisbon Metropolitan Area, Lisbon, Porto Metropolitan Area, Porto, and Braga, it is the largest city of the Coimbra (district), district of Coimbra and the Centro Region, Portugal, Centro Region. About 460,000 people live in the Região de Coimbra, comprising 19 municipalities and extending into an area of . Among the many archaeological structures dating back to the Roman Empire, Roman era, when Coimbra was the settlement of Aeminium, are its well-preserved aqueduct (watercourse), aqueduct and cryptoporticus. Similarly, buildings from the period when Coimbra was the capital of Portugal (from 1131 to 1255) still remain. During the late Middle Ages, with its decline as the political centre of the Kingdom of Portugal, Coimbra beg ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ibn Hayyan
Abū Marwān Ḥayyān ibn Khalaf ibn Ḥusayn ibn Ḥayyān al-Andalusī al-Qurṭubī () (987–1075), usually known as Ibn Hayyan, was an Arab Muslim historian from Al-Andalus Al-Andalus () was the Muslim-ruled area of the Iberian Peninsula. The name refers to the different Muslim states that controlled these territories at various times between 711 and 1492. At its greatest geographical extent, it occupied most o .... His work provides an early reference to Viking raiders, called ''Majus'' by him. Works The following works are ascribed to Ibn Hayyan: *''Tarikh Fuqaha Qurtuba'' *''Al-Kitab al ladi Jama'a fihi bayna Kitbay al-Qubbashi wa Ibn Afif'' *''Intijab al-Jamil li Ma'athir Banu Khatab'' *''Al-Akhbar fi'l Dawla al-Amiriya'' (in 100 volumes) *''Al-Batsha al-Kubra'' (in ten volumes). *''Al-Muqtabis fi Tarikh al-Andalus'' (in ten volumes) *''Kitab al-Matin''. His best-known works are ''al-Muqtabis'' and ''al-Matin''. References *Abd al-Rahman al-Hajji (ed.), ''Al ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Al-Andalus
Al-Andalus () was the Muslim-ruled area of the Iberian Peninsula. The name refers to the different Muslim states that controlled these territories at various times between 711 and 1492. At its greatest geographical extent, it occupied most of the peninsula as well as Septimania under Umayyad rule. These boundaries changed through a series of conquests Western historiography has traditionally characterized as the ''Reconquista'',"Para los autores árabes medievales, el término Al-Andalus designa la totalidad de las zonas conquistadas – siquiera temporalmente – por tropas arabo-musulmanas en territorios actualmente pertenecientes a Portugal, España y Francia" ("For medieval Arab authors, Al-Andalus designated all the conquered areas – even temporarily – by Arab-Muslim troops in territories now belonging to Spain, Portugal and France"), García de Cortázar, José Ángel. ''V Semana de Estudios Medievales: Nájera, 1 al 5 de agosto de 1994'', Gobie ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sancho Ordóñez
Sancho Ordóñez ( 895 – 929) was King of Galicia from 926 and until his death in 929, and may briefly have been King of León in 925–26. He was the eldest son of Ordoño II, who inherited Galicia in a partition of the Kingdom of Asturias with his brothers in 910. Sancho acquired the rights to Galicia in a like manner when he and his brothers divided the kingdom among themselves. The surname ''Ordóñez'' means "son of Ordoño". That Sancho was his father's eldest son is explicitly stated by the historian ʿĪsā al-Rāzī, writing some fifty years after Sancho's death. It is also implied by the fact that Sancho subscribed to his father's charters ahead of his three brothers. At the death of king Ordoño II in 924, Ordoño's brother Froila II succeeded to the entire kingdom. The exact circumstances of the succession upon Froila's death one year later, in 925, are unclear. According to Isa al-Rāzī, Sancho seized the city of León, but was opposed by his younger brother Alf ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kingdom Of Pamplona
The Kingdom of Navarre ( ), originally the Kingdom of Pamplona, occupied lands on both sides of the western Pyrenees, with its northernmost areas originally reaching the Atlantic Ocean (Bay of Biscay), between present-day Spain and France. The medieval state took form around the city of Pamplona during the first centuries of the Iberian Reconquista. The kingdom had its origins in the conflict in the buffer region between the Carolingian Empire and the Ummayad Emirate of Córdoba that controlled most of the Iberian Peninsula. The city of Pamplona (; ), had been the main city of the indigenous Vasconic population and was located in a predominantly Basque-speaking area. In an event traditionally dated to 824, Íñigo Arista was elected or declared ruler of the area around Pamplona in opposition to Frankish expansion into the region, originally as vassal to the Córdoba emirate. This polity evolved into the Kingdom of Pamplona. A series of partitions and dynastic changes led to a d ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fruela II Of León
Fruela II ( 874–August 925) was the king of Asturias from 910 to 924 and king of León from 924 to 925. His father was Alfonso III of Asturias and his mother was Jimena. In 910 Fruela and two of his brothers deposed their father, Alfonso, and divided the kingdom amongst themselves. Fruela, the youngest brother, took the original portion (Asturias); Ordoño took Galicia; and García, the eldest, took León. Although Fruela called himself king of a much-diminished Asturias, evidence suggests that his role was subordinate to the king of León. History As king of Asturias, he had the job of consolidating the region later called Castile and keeping its counts in check. Fruela married twice, first in 910 to Nunilo Jimena, daughter of the Navarrese king. By 917 he was married to his second wife, Urraca, the daughter of the Banu Qasi governor of Tudela. From his marriages, he had at least three sons, Alfonso, Ramiro and Ordoño, none of whom would inherit the throne. Fruela ma ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
García I Of León
García I ( – 914) was the King of León from 910 until his death and eldest of three succeeding sons of Alfonso III of Asturias by his wife Jimena. García took part in the government alongside his father until 909. In that year a conspiracy, in which García was implicated, was uncovered. Alfonso renounced the throne and divided the realm among his three sons. León went to García, Galicia to Ordoño, and Asturias to Fruela. Asturian primacy was nevertheless recognised. García's reign saw the fortification of the Duero and the repopulation of Roa, Osma, Clunia, and San Esteban de Gormaz. During this period, the count of Castile, Gonzalo Fernández gained influence through these endeavours. At his death in Zamora in 914 he had no heirs and his kingdom passed to Ordoño. García's wife, Muniadona, was said by Pelagius of Oviedo to have been daughter of Nuño Fernández, but this is chronologically impossible. Sánchez Albornoz suggested instead that she was daughter ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
March (territory)
In Middle Ages, medieval Europe, a march or mark was, in broad terms, any kind of borderland, as opposed to a state's "heartland". More specifically, a march was a border between realms or a neutral buffer zone under joint control of two states in which different laws might apply. In both of these senses, marches served a political purpose, such as providing warning of Invasion, military incursions or regulating cross-border trade. Marches gave rise to the titles marquess (masculine) or marchioness (feminine). Etymology The word "march" derives ultimately from a Proto-Indo-European root *''merg-'', meaning "edge, boundary". The root *''merg-'' produced Latin ''margo'' ("margin"), Old Irish ''mruig'' ("borderland"), Welsh language, Welsh ''bro'' ("region, border, valley") and Persian language, Persian and Armenian language, Armenian ''Marz (country subdivision), marz'' ("borderland"). The Proto-Germanic ''*marko'' gave rise to the Old English language, Old English word ''mearc'' a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kingdom Of Asturias
The Kingdom of Asturias was a kingdom in the Iberian Peninsula founded by the nobleman Pelagius who traditionally has been described as being of Visigothic stock. Modern research is leaning towards the view that Pelagius was of Hispano-Roman origins. The Kingdom of Asturias was the first Christian political entity to be established in the Iberian Peninsula after the Umayyad conquest of Visigothic Hispania in 711-718. In the Summer of 722,Amy G. Remensnyder, ''La Conquistadora: The Virgin Mary at War and Peace in the Old and New Worlds'', (Oxford University Press, 2014), 23. Pelagius defeated an Umayyad army at the Battle of Covadonga, in what is retroactively regarded as the beginning of the Christian ''Reconquista''. The Asturian kings would occasionally make peace with the Muslims, particularly at times when they needed to pursue their other enemies, mainly rebel Basques and Galicians. Thus Fruela I (757–768) fought Muslims but also defeated the Basques and Galicians, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alfonso III Of Asturias
Alfonso III (20 December 910), called the Great (), was king of Asturias from 866 until his death. He was the son and successor of Ordoño I. After his death, the Kingdom of Asturias was split between his sons, with García inheriting León, Ordoño inheriting Galicia, and Fruela inheriting Asturias. In later sources, he is the earliest to be called " Emperor of Spain." He was also titled "Prince of all Galicia" (''Princeps totius Galletiae''). Life Alfonso's reign was notable for his comparative success in consolidating the kingdom during the weakness of the Umayyad princes of Córdoba. He fought against and gained numerous victories over the Muslims of al-Andalus. During the first year of his reign, he had to contend with a usurper, Count Fruela of Galicia. He was forced to flee to Castile, but after a few months Fruela was assassinated and Alfonso returned to Oviedo. He defeated a Basque rebellion in 867 and, much later, a Galician one as well. He conquered Porto an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
