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Raimbaut De Vacqueiras
__NOTOC__ Raimbaut de Vaqueiras or Vaqueyras (fl. 1180 – 1207) was a Provençal troubadour and, later in his life, knight. His life was spent mainly in Italian courtsAmelia E. Van Vleck, ''The Lyric Texts'' p. 33, in ''Handbook of the Troubadours'' (1995), edited by F. R. P. Akehurst and Judith M. Davis. until 1203, when he joined the Fourth Crusade. His writings, particularly the so-called ''Epic Letter'', form an important commentary on the politics of the Latin Empire in its earliest years. Vaqueiras's works include a multilingual poem, ''Eras quan vey verdeyar'' where he used French, Tuscan, Galician-Portuguese and Gascon, together with his own Provençal. Vaqueiras was from Vacqueyras, near Orange. He spent most of his career as court poet and close friend of Boniface I of Montferrat, with whom he served in battle against the communes of Asti and Alessandria. Vaqueiras claimed he earned a knighthood through protecting Boniface with his shield in battle at Messina, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vacqueyras
Vacqueyras (; ) is a commune in the Vaucluse department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in southeastern France. Vacqueyras is also the name of an Appellation for a wine from the Côtes du Rhône. Geography Access Departmental Route 8 arrives at the north of the commune, then Departmental Route 7 traverses the commune on a north-south axis, forking to the southeast near Beaumes-de-Venise. Departmental route 52 then continues on to the south. Departmental Route 233 leaves at the east near Peyre's Wood. Neighbouring communes Terrain Containing many alternating little valleys of minimal depth and plains + hills to the east, (261 m to the Muse), the extremity is at the Dentelles de Montmirail. Geology The Dentelles de Montmirail are the furthest west of the Massif des Baronnies and constitute the first advance of the Alps into the Rhone Valley. Rocky stones from the Late Jurassic (Tithonian) period with clay-limestone soil dominate the area. Hydrograph ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alessandria
Alessandria (; ) is a city and commune in Piedmont, Italy, and the capital of the Province of Alessandria. It is also the largest municipality of the region. The city is sited on the alluvial plain between the Tanaro and the Bormida rivers, about east of Turin. Alessandria is also a major railway hub. History Alessandria was founded in 1168 with a charter as a free comune; it was sited upon a preexisting urban nucleus, to serve as a stronghold for the Lombard League, defending the traditional liberties of the communes of northern Italy against the Imperial forces of Frederick Barbarossa. Alessandria stood in the territories of the marchese of Montferrat, a staunch ally of the Emperor, with a name assumed in 1168 to honour the Emperor's opponent, Pope Alexander III. In 1174–1175 the fortress was sorely tested by the Imperial siege and stood fast. A legend (related in Umberto Eco's novel ''Baudolino'', and which recalls one concerning Bishop Herculanus’ successful d ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ademar De Peiteus
Adémar II de Poitiers, known in Old Occitan as Ademar or Aimeric de Peiteus, was the count of Valentinois and ''de facto'' ruler of Diois from 1188 or 1189 until 1230. He was the son of Count Guillaume and grandson of Count Adémar I. He married Philippa, daughter of Guillaume-Jourdain, the lord of Fay-le-Clos, Fay, and Météline de Clérieu. The Finnish scholar Aimo Sakari hypothesised that Philippa of Fay was the famous trobairitz known as the Comtessa de Dia, and that the friend (''amic'') mentioned by the Comtessa in her poems was the troubadour Raimbaut de Vaqueiras. , version 2.0, online since 1 Sept. 2008. Accessed 18 June 2013. Around 1195–96, Adémar himself participated in a three-way ''torneyamen'' (a type of collaborative poem) with Raimbaut de Vaqueiras and Perdig ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Perdigon
Perdigon or Perdigo (fl. 1190–1220Aubrey, p. 18.) was a troubadour from Lespéron in the Gévaudan.Egan, p. 83. Fourteen of his works survive, including three ''cansos'' with melodies.Aubrey, p. 19. He was respected and admired by contemporaries, judging by the widespread inclusion of his work in chansonniers and in citations by other troubadours. Though his biography is made confounding by contradicting statements in his '' vida'' and allusions in his and others' poems, Perdigon's status as a jongleur from youth and an accomplished fiddler is well-attested in contemporary works (by him and others) and manuscript illustrations depicting him with his fiddle. Perdigon travelled widely and was patronised by Dalfi d'Alvernha, the House of Baux, Peter II of Aragon, and Barral of Marseille. His service to the latter provides an early definite date for his career, as Barral died in 1192 and Perdigon composed a ''canso''—which survives with music—for him. According to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gab (song)
A ''gab'' or ''gap'' (, "boast") is a troubadour boasting song. It is often considered related to the '' tenso'' and '' partimen'', two types of debate poem. Sometimes the ''gab'' is not considered a separate genre of poetry but simply a boast found within another genre, commonly the '' sirventes''.Veronica M. Fraser (2006), ''The Songs of Peire Vidal: Translation and Commentary'' (New York: Peter Lang, ), 153. The Occitan word ''gab'' means "boast" and comes from the verb ''gabar'' (to open the mouth wide, i.e. gape). The song is innately competitive and the boast is often presented as a challenge, which may generate poetical responses. The boasting, however, is made in good fun and typically follows a formula ensuring it will be well-received (unlike a real boast). Often it is heavily ironic, and the boasts are intended specifically to entertain the audience that knows better. The first ''gab'' was "Ben vuelh", composed by William IX of Aquitaine William IX ( or , ; 22 Octob ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alba (poetry)
The ''alba'' (; "sunrise") is a genre of Old Occitan lyric poetry. It describes the longing of lovers who, having passed a night together, must separate for fear of being discovered. A common figure found in the ''alba'' is the ''guaita'' ("sentry" or "guard"), a friend who alerts the lovers when the hour has come to separate. The lovers often accuse the ''guaita'' of dozing, being inattentive or separating them too early. The lovers fear not just the lady's husband but also the ''lauzengiers'', the jealous rival. The following example, composed by an anonymous troubadour, describes the longing of a knight for his lady as they part company after a night of forbidden love. Though generally representative of the style, this particular verse uses an atypical strophic pattern. Under the influence of the Occitan troubadours, the Minnesingers developed a similar genre, the Tagelied, in Germany, and in northern France the trouvères developed an equivalent ''aube'' genre. The ''alba'' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tenso
A ''tenso'' (; ) is a style of troubadour song. It takes the form of a debate in which each voice defends a position; common topics relate to love or ethics. Usually, the tenso is written by two different poets, but several examples exist in which one of the parties is imaginary, including God ( Peire de Vic), the poet's horse ( Bertran Carbonel) or his cloak ( Gui de Cavalhon). Closely related, and sometimes overlapping, genres include: * the '' partimen'', in which more than two voices discuss a subject * the '' cobla esparsa'' or '' cobla exchange'', a tenso of two stanzas only * the ''contenson'', where the matter is eventually judged by a third party. Notable examples * Marcabru and Uc Catola''Amics Marchabrun, car digam'' possibly the earliest known example. * Cercamon and Guilhalmi''Car vei finir a tot dia'' another candidate for the earliest known example. * Raimbaut d'Aurenga and Giraut de Bornelh''Ara·m platz, Giraut de Borneill'' where major exponents of the two st ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Canso (song)
The ''canso'' or ''canson'' or ''canzo'' () was a song style used by the troubadours. It was, by far, the most common genre used, especially by early troubadours, and only in the second half of the 13th century was its dominance challenged by a growing number of poets writing ''coblas esparsas''. The ''canso'' became, in Old French, the ''grand chant'' and, in Italian, the ''canzone''. Structure A ''canso'' usually consists of three parts. The first stanza is the ''exordium'', where the composer explains his purpose. The main body of the song occurs in the following stanzas, and usually draw out a variety of relationships with the ''exordium''; formally, aside from the ''envoi''(''s''), which are not always present, a ''canso'' is made of stanzas all having the same sequence of verses, in the sense that each verse has the same number of metrical syllables. This makes it possible to use the same melody for every stanza. The sequence can be extremely simple, as in ''Can vei la l ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Descort
The ''descort'' () was a form and genre of Old Occitan lyric poetry used by troubadours. It was heavily discordant in verse form and/or feeling and often used to express disagreement. It was possibly invented by Garin d'Apchier when he wrote ''Quan foill'e flors reverdezis'' (only the first two lines survive); the invention is credited to him by a vida, and these are unreliable. Gautier de Dargies imported the ''descort'' into Old French Old French (, , ; ) was the language spoken in most of the northern half of France approximately between the late 8th canso, the most common open poetic form of the troubadours and the template upon which most genres were built, the descort is made of stanzas with a variable number of lines, and of lines with a variable number of syllables. Whereas the different stanzas of a canso usually share at least some of the rhymes, the rhymes of a descort are usually used within a single stanza and then discarded. Raimbaut de Vaqueiras brings this to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vlach
Vlach ( ), also Wallachian and many other variants, is a term and exonym used from the Middle Ages until the Modern Era to designate speakers of Eastern Romance languages living in Southeast Europe—south of the Danube (the Balkan peninsula) and north of the Danube. Although it has also been used to name present-day Romanians, the term "Vlach" today refers primarily to speakers of the Eastern Romance languages who live south of the Danube, in Albania, Bulgaria, northern Greece, North Macedonia and eastern Serbia. These people include the ethnic groups of the Aromanians, the Megleno-Romanians and, in Serbia, the Timok Romanians. The term also became a synonym in the Balkans for the social category of shepherds, and was also used for non-Romance-speaking peoples, in recent times in the western Balkans derogatively. The term is also used to refer to the ethnographic group of Moravian Vlachs who speak a Slavic language but originate from Romanians, as well as for Morlachs and I ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Thessalonica
Thessaloniki (; ), also known as Thessalonica (), Saloniki, Salonika, or Salonica (), is the second-largest city in Greece (with slightly over one million inhabitants in its metropolitan area) and the capital city, capital of the geographic regions of Greece, geographic region of Macedonia (Greece), Macedonia, the administrative regions of Greece, administrative region of Central Macedonia and the Decentralized Administration of Macedonia and Thrace. It is also known in Greek as , literally "the co-capital", a reference to its historical status as the "co-reigning" city () of the Byzantine Empire alongside Constantinople. Thessaloniki is located on the Thermaic Gulf, at the northwest corner of the Aegean Sea. It is bounded on the west by the Axios Delta National Park, delta of the Axios. The Thessaloniki (municipality), municipality of Thessaloniki, the historical centre, had a population of 319,045 in 2021, while the Thessaloniki metropolitan area had 1,006,112 inhabitants and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Constantinople
Constantinople (#Names of Constantinople, see other names) was a historical city located on the Bosporus that served as the capital of the Roman Empire, Roman, Byzantine Empire, Byzantine, Latin Empire, Latin, and Ottoman Empire, Ottoman empires between its consecration in 330 until 1930, when it was renamed to Istanbul. Initially as New Rome, Constantinople was founded in 324 during the reign of Constantine the Great on the site of the existing settlement of Byzantium, and shortly thereafter in 330 became the capital of the Roman Empire. Following the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the late 5th century, Constantinople remained the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire (also known as the Byzantine Empire; 330–1204 and 1261–1453), the Latin Empire (1204–1261), and the Ottoman Empire (1453–1922). Following the Turkish War of Independence, the Turkish capital then moved to Ankara. Although the city had been known as Istanbul since 1453, it was officially renamed as Is ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
