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Raid On Kronstadt
The raid on Kronstadt (also known as Operation RK or the Scooter Raid) was an attack by Royal Navy coastal motor boats (CMBs) and Royal Air Force aircraft on the Bolshevik Baltic Fleet at its home base on 18 August 1919. After the Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War, Allied naval units operated in the Baltic Sea to support the independence of Estonia and Latvia, which were threatened by Bolshevik movements. The raid followed a similar one carried out by a single motor torpedo boat outside the harbour on 1919, in which Lieutenant Augustus Agar's HM Coastal Motor Boat 4, CMB-4 sank the Bolshevik cruiser Russian cruiser Oleg, ''Oleg''. The raid on 18 August 1919 was carried out by a newly arrived force of seven larger CMBs under Commander Claude Congreve Dobson, guided by Agar in CMB-4. One CMB broke down en route to the harbour but the remaining six penetrated the defences and scored hits on the submarine depot ship Russian cruiser Pamiat Azova, ''Pamiat Azova'', which sa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
British Campaign In The Baltic (1918–1919)
The British campaign in the Baltic 1918–1919 was a part of the Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War. The codename of the Royal Navy campaign was Operation Red Trek. The intervention played a key role in enabling the establishment of the independent states of Estonia and Latvia.#Kinvig, Churchill's Crusade, Kinvig, Churchill's Crusade It failed to secure the control of Petrograd by White movement, White Russian forces, which was one of the main goals of the campaign.#Kinvig, Churchill's Crusade, Kinvig, Churchill's Crusade, pp. 271–90 Context Launched in the wake of the Armistice of 11 November 1918 which ended World War I and the German Empire, German Ober Ost, military occupation of the Baltic countries, the purposes of Operation Red Trek were to stop the rise of Bolshevism in the area, to support the newly independent countries of Estonia and Latvia, to protect The British Empire, British interests, and to extend the freedom of the seas. The situation in the Balt ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Coastal Patrol Motor Boats, 3-(22) LCCN2016846192
A coast (coastline, shoreline, seashore) is the land next to the sea or the line that forms the boundary between the land and the ocean or a lake. Coasts are influenced by the topography of the surrounding landscape and by aquatic erosion, such as that caused by waves. The geological composition of rock and soil dictates the type of shore that is created. Earth has about of coastline. Coasts are important zones in natural ecosystems, often home to a wide range of biodiversity. On land, they harbor ecosystems, such as freshwater or estuarine wetlands, that are important for birds and other terrestrial animals. In wave-protected areas, coasts harbor salt marshes, mangroves, and seagrasses, all of which can provide nursery habitat for finfish, shellfish, and other aquatic animals. Rocky shores are usually found along exposed coasts and provide habitat for a wide range of sessile animals (e.g. mussels, starfish, barnacles) and various kinds of seaweeds. In physical oceanography, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sopwith 1½ Strutter
The Sopwith Strutter is a British single- or two-seat Multirole combat aircraft, multi-role biplane aircraft of the First World War.Lake 2002, p. 40. It was the first British two-seat tractor configuration, tractor fighter and the first British aircraft to enter service with a Synchronization gear, synchronised machine gun. It was given the name Strutter because of the long and short cabane struts that supported the top wing. The type was operated by both British air services and was in widespread but lacklustre service with the French . Design and development In December 1914, the Sopwith Aviation Company designed a small, two-seat biplane powered by an Gnome Engine Company, Gnome rotary engine, which became known as the "Sigrist Bus" after Fred Sigrist, the Sopwith works manager. The Sigrist Bus first flew on 5 June 1915 and although it set a new British altitude record on the day of its first flight, only one was built, serving as a company runabout.Bruce 1982, p. 499.Ja ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sopwith Camel
The Sopwith Camel is a British First World War single-seat biplane fighter aircraft that was introduced on the Western Front in 1917. It was developed by the Sopwith Aviation Company as a successor to the Sopwith Pup and became one of the best-known fighter aircraft of the Great War. Pilots flying Camels were credited with downing 1,294 enemy aircraft, more than any other Allied fighter of the conflict. Towards the end of the war, Camels lost their edge as fighters and were also used as a ground-attack aircraft. The Camel was powered by a single rotary engine and was armed with twin synchronized Vickers machine guns. It was difficult to fly, with 90% of its weight in the front two metres (seven feet) of the aircraft, but it was highly manoeuvrable in the hands of an experienced pilot, a vital attribute in the relatively low-speed, low-altitude dogfights of the era. Its pilots joked that their fates would involve "a wooden cross, the Red Cross, or a Victoria Cross". T ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
HMS Vindictive (1918)
HMS ''Vindictive'' was a warship built during the First World War for the Royal Navy (RN). Originally designed as a heavy cruiser and laid down under the name ''Cavendish'', she was converted into an aircraft carrier while still being built. Renamed in 1918, she was completed a few weeks before the end of the war and saw no active service with the Grand Fleet. The following year she participated in the British campaign in the Baltic against the Bolsheviks, during which her aircraft made numerous attacks against the naval base at Kronstadt. ''Vindictive'' returned home at the end of the year and was placed in reserve for several years before her flight decks were removed and she was reconverted back into a cruiser. The ship retained her aircraft hangar and conducted trials with an aircraft catapult before she was sent to the China Station in 1926. A year after her return in 1928, she was again placed in reserve. ''Vindictive'' was demilitarized and converted into a training ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Victoria Cross
The Victoria Cross (VC) is the highest and most prestigious decoration of the Orders, decorations, and medals of the United Kingdom, British decorations system. It is awarded for valour "in the presence of the enemy" to members of the British Armed Forces and may be awarded posthumously. It was previously awarded to service personnel in the broader British Empire (later Commonwealth of Nations), with most successor independent nations now having established their own honours systems and no longer recommending British honours. It may be awarded to a person of any military rank in any service and to civilians under military command. No civilian has received the award since 1879. Since the first awards were presented by Queen Victoria in 1857, two thirds of all awards have been personally presented by the Monarchy of the United Kingdom, British monarch. The investitures are usually held at Buckingham Palace. The VC was introduced on 29 January 1856 by Queen Victoria to honour acts ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Russian Battleship Petropavlovsk (1911)
''Petropavlovsk'' () was the third of the four dreadnoughts built before World War I for the Imperial Russian Navy, the first Russian class of dreadnoughts. She was named after the Russian victory in the siege of Petropavlovsk during the Crimean War. The ship was completed during the winter of 1914–1915, but was not ready for combat until mid-1915. Her role was to defend the mouth of the Gulf of Finland against the Germans, who never tried to enter, so she spent her time training and providing cover for minelaying operations. Her crew joined the general mutiny of the Baltic Fleet after the February Revolution of 1917 and she was the only dreadnought available to the Bolsheviks for several years after the October Revolution of 1917. She bombarded the mutinous garrison of Fort Krasnaya Gorka and supported Bolshevik light forces operating against British ships supporting the White Russians in the Gulf of Finland in 1918–1919. Later, her crew joined the Kronstadt rebellion of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Krasnaya Gorka Fort
Krasnaya Gorka (; meaning "Red Hill") is a coastal artillery fortress in Lomonosovsky District, Leningrad Oblast, Russia. It is located on the southern shore of the Gulf of Finland, opposite Kotlin Island and the Baltic Fleet's base at Kronstadt. The nearest settlement is Lebyazhye (Лебяжье). History The fort was established in the 18th century and substantially modernised in the late 19th – early 20th century with the installation of 12 inch guns in concrete casemates. There is an outlying fort called '' Seraya Loshad'' (Grey Horse) containing smaller guns. The work was completed in 1914. During the Russian Civil War the fort helped defend the city of Petrograd. In June 1919 the garrison mutinied against the Bolshevik government but the revolt was suppressed. Although the Estonian Army and the British Royal Navy actively supported the White Russian Northern Corps in the area, their attacks were not able to aid the mutineers. Later in autumn 1919 the forts wer ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Zelenogorsk, Saint Petersburg
Zelenogorsk (), known as Terijoki prior to 1948 (a name still used in Finnish and Swedish), is a municipal town in Kurortny District of the federal city of St. Petersburg, Russia, located in part of the Karelian Isthmus on the shore of the Gulf of Finland. Population: It has a station on the St. Petersburg-Vyborg railroad. It is located about northwest of central Saint Petersburg. History From 1323 to 1721 the Zelenogorsk area was a part of Sweden. It was ceded to Russia in 1721, becoming " Old Finland", which again was united with the Grand-Duchy of Finland in 1811. Until 1917, Terijoki was part of the Grand-Duchy of Finland, ruled by the Grand Dukes of Finland, who were the Tsars of Russia, (1812–1917). Even though all of Finland was part of the Russian Empire, a customs border was located at Terijoki. A valid passport was needed for crossing the border between Russia and the Grand Duchy of Finland. Vladimir Lenin managed to travel in secrecy over the in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
British 18-inch Torpedo
There have been a number of 18-inch (45cm) torpedoes in service with the Royal Navy of the United Kingdom. These have been used on ships of the Royal Navy and aircraft of both the Fleet Air Arm and Royal Air Force, while Royal Navy surface ships and submarines use 21-inch torpedoes. The British 18-inch torpedoes were in diameter, beginning with the "Fiume" Whitehead torpedo of 1890. Fiume Mark I Purchased from Whitehead with the first delivery in 1890, and a second delivery in 1891. The weapon utilized compressed air propulsion, and was prolific for its time, having been exported to multiple other navies across the world. The decision to adopt the 18-inch torpedo caliber was made by the Admiralty in 1889, with the Fiume Mark I being the first weapon of the type, soon thereafter followed by the RGF Mark I. In 1890, Whitehead established a torpedo factory in Weymouth, chiefly for the export market - but also in order to directly supply the Royal Navy with locally-manufactu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Beryozovye Islands
Beryozovye Islands (; ; , "Birch Island"), alternatively spelled Berezovye Islands, is an island group in Leningrad Oblast, Russia. Geography The islands are situated at the head of the Gulf of Finland, just outside the town of Primorsk on the Karelian Isthmus. The total area of the group, stretching along the coast for 200 km, is 92 km2. There are 15 islands in the group, the largest of which is Bolshoy Beryozovy (Large Berezovy, Finnish: Koivistonsaari). Other islands include Zapadny Beryozovy (West Beryozovy, Finnish: Tiurinsaari) and Severny Beryozovy (North Beryozovy, Finnish: Piisaari). Environment The archipelago is protected by the state as a seabird sanctuary and is one of the Russia's Ramsar sites. It has been designated an Important Bird Area (IBA) by BirdLife International because it supports populations of many species of waterfowl and gulls on passage. History Before the Third Swedish Crusade (1293–1295), the islands paid tax to Novgorod; after ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
