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Rabi'a Al-'Adawiyya
Rābia al-Adawiyya al-Qaysiyya (; 801 CE) or Rabia Basri was a poet, one of the earliest Sufi mystics and an influential religious figure from Iraq. She is regarded as one of the three preeminent Qalandars of the world. Biography Very little is known about the life of Rabiʿa, notes Rkia Elaroui Cornell. Cornell further notes that she was mentioned by two early Basran authors. "Because of this, they were familiar with her reputation. This local reputation is the best empirical evidence we have that Rabi‘a actually existed." She also writes, "To date, no written body of work has been linked conclusively to Rabi‘a al-‘Adawiyya." Despite this, narratives about Rabiʿa grew over the centuries, and a considerable hagiography developed. Attar of Nishapur, a Sufi saint and poet who lived some four centuries later, recounted a now-famous story of her early life. Many of her hagiographies depict her using literary or philosophical tropes where she, like her Christian cou ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mill (grinding)
A mill is a device, often a structure, machine or kitchen appliance, that breaks solid materials into smaller pieces by grinding, crushing, or cutting. Such comminution is an important unit operation in many processes. There are many different types of mills and many types of materials processed in them. Historically, mills were powered by hand or by animals (e.g., via a hand crank), working animal (e.g., horse mill), wind ( windmill) or water (watermill). In the modern era, they are usually powered by electricity. The grinding of solid materials occurs through mechanical forces that break up the structure by overcoming the interior bonding forces. After the grinding the state of the solid is changed: the grain size, the grain size disposition and the grain shape. Milling also refers to the process of breaking down, separating, sizing, or classifying aggregate material (e.g. mining ore). For instance rock crushing or grinding to produce uniform aggregate size for construc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Attar Of Nishapur
Faridoddin Abu Hamed Mohammad Attar Nishapuri ( – c. 1221; ), better known by his pen-names Faridoddin () and ʿAttar of Nishapur (, Attar means apothecary), was a poet, theoretician of Sufism, and hagiographer from Nishapur who had an immense and lasting influence on Persian poetry and Sufism. He wrote a collection of lyrical poems and number of long poems in the philosophical tradition of Islamic mysticism, as well as a prose work with biographies and sayings of famous Muslim mystics. '' The Conference of the Birds'', '' Book of the Divine'', and'' Memorial of the Saints'' are among his best known works. Biography Information about Attar's life is scarce and has been mythologised over the centuries. However, Attar was born to a PersianRitter, H. (1986), “Attar”, Encyclopaedia of Islam, New Ed., vol. 1: 751-755. Excerpt: "ATTAR, FARID AL-DIN MUHAMMAD B. IBRAHIM.Persian mystical poet.Farīd al-Dīn ʿAṭṭār, in Encyclopædia Britannica, online edition - accessed Dec ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Slavery
Slavery is the ownership of a person as property, especially in regards to their labour. Slavery typically involves compulsory work, with the slave's location of work and residence dictated by the party that holds them in bondage. Enslavement is the placement of a person into slavery, and the person is called a slave or an enslaved person (see ). Many historical cases of enslavement occurred as a result of breaking the law, becoming indebted, suffering a military defeat, or exploitation for cheaper labor; other forms of slavery were instituted along demographic lines such as race or sex. Slaves would be kept in bondage for life, or for a fixed period of time after which they would be granted freedom. Although slavery is usually involuntary and involves coercion, there are also cases where people voluntarily enter into slavery to pay a debt or earn money due to poverty. In the course of human history, slavery was a typical feature of civilization, and existed in most socie ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Islamic Views On Slavery
Islamic views on slavery represent a complex and multifaceted body of Islamic thought,Brockopp, Jonathan E., "Slaves and Slavery", in: Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān, General Editor: Jane Dammen McAuliffe, Georgetown University, Washington DC. with various Islamic groups or thinkers espousing views on the matter which have been radically different throughout history.Lewis 1994Ch.1 Slavery was a mainstay of life in pre-Islamic Arabia and surrounding lands. The Quran and the ''hadith'' (sayings of Muhammad) address slavery extensively, assuming its existence as part of society but viewing it as an exceptional condition and restricting its scope. Early Islam forbade enslavement of ''dhimmis'', the free members of Islamic society, including Kafir, non-Muslims and set out to regulate and improve the conditions of human bondage. Islamic law regarded as legal slaves only those non-Muslims who were imprisoned or bought beyond the borders of Islamic rule, or the sons and daughters of slav ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Folk Tale
Oral literature, orature, or folk literature is a genre of literature that is spoken or sung in contrast to that which is written, though much oral literature has been transcribed. There is no standard definition, as anthropologists have used varying descriptions for oral literature or folk literature. A broad conceptualization refers to it as literature characterized by oral transmission and the absence of any fixed form. It includes the stories, legends, and history passed through generations in a spoken form. Background Pre-literate societies, by definition, have no written literature, but may possess rich and varied oral traditions—such as folk epics, folk narratives (including fairy tales and fables), folk drama, proverbs and folksongs—that effectively constitute an oral literature. Even when these are collected and published by scholars such as folklorists and paremiographers, the result is still often referred to as "oral literature". The different genres o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Self-realization
Self-realization is a term used in Western philosophy, psychology, and spirituality; and in Indian religions. In the Western understanding, it is the "fulfillment by oneself of the possibilities of one's character or personality" (see also self-actualization). In Jainism, self realization is called ''Samyak darshan'' (meaning right perception) in which a person attains extrasensory and thoughtless blissful experience of the soul. In the Hindu understanding, self-realization is liberating knowledge of the true self, either as the permanent undying Purusha or witness-consciousness, which is '' atman'' (essence), or as the absence (''sunyata'') of such a permanent self. Western understanding Merriam Webster's dictionary defines self-realization as: In the Western world, "self-realization" has gained great popularity. Influential in this popularity were psycho-analysis, humanistic psychology, the growing acquaintance with Eastern religions, and the growing popularity of Wes ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tazkirat Al-Awliya
''Tazkirat al-Awliyā'' ( or , lit. "Biographies of the Saints")variant transliterations: Tadhkirat al-Awliya, Tazkerat-ol-Owliya , Tezkereh-i-Evliā etc. is a hagiographic collection of ninety-six Sufi saints (''wali'', plural ''awliya'') and their miracles (karamat) authored by the Sunni Muslim Persian poet and mystic Farīd al-Dīn ‘Aṭṭar of Nishapur who lived from 1145 to 1221. Aṭṭar's only surviving prose work comprises , beginning with the life of Jafar al-Sadiq and ending with the Sufi martyr, Mansur Al-Hallaj's. Included in the list are four eponymous Sunni '' madhab'' founders, namely Sufyan al-Thawri, Abu Hanifah, Al-Shafi'i and Ahmad ibn Hanbal. Translations *''Muslim Saints and Mystics: Episodes from the Tadhkirat Al-Auliya‘'' (1990); An abridged English translation by A.J. Arberry. *''Farid ad-Din ‘Attār’s Memorial of God's Friends: Lives and Sayings of Sufis'' (2009); Translated and introduced by Paul Losensky. *''Le Memorial des saints'' (188 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hasan Al-Basri
Abi Sa'id al-Hasan ibn Yasar al-Basri, often referred to as al-Hasan al-Basri, was an ancient Muslim preacher, ascetic, theologian, exegete, scholar, and judge. Born in Medina in 642,Mourad, Suleiman A., “al-Ḥasan al-Baṣrī”, in: ''Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE'', Edited by: Kate Fleet, Gudrun Krämer, Denis Matringe, John Nawas, Everett Rowson. Hasan belonged to the second generation of Muslims, all of whom would subsequently be referred to as the '' tābiʿūn'' in Sunni Islamic piety. He became one of "the most celebrated" of the ''tābiʿūn'', enjoying an "acclaimed scholarly career and an even more remarkable posthumous legacy in Islamic scholarship." Hasan, revered for his austerity and support for "renunciation" (''zuhd''), preached against worldliness and materialism during the early days of the Umayyad Caliphate, with his passionate sermons casting a "deep impression on his contemporaries."Ritter, H., “Ḥasan al-Baṣrī”, in: ''Encyclopaedia of Islam, Seco ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Poetry
Poetry (from the Greek language, Greek word ''poiesis'', "making") is a form of literature, literary art that uses aesthetics, aesthetic and often rhythmic qualities of language to evoke meaning (linguistics), meanings in addition to, or in place of, Denotation, literal or surface-level meanings. Any particular instance of poetry is called a poem and is written by a poet. Poets use a variety of techniques called poetic devices, such as assonance, alliteration, Phonaesthetics#Euphony and cacophony, euphony and cacophony, onomatopoeia, rhythm (via metre (poetry), metre), and sound symbolism, to produce musical or other artistic effects. They also frequently organize these effects into :Poetic forms, poetic structures, which may be strict or loose, conventional or invented by the poet. Poetic structures vary dramatically by language and cultural convention, but they often use Metre (poetry), rhythmic metre (patterns of syllable stress or syllable weight, syllable (mora) weight ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Margaret Smith (author)
Margaret Smith (1884– 23 February, 1970) was a British orientalist specializing in comparative religion and Sufism. Biography Margaret Smith was born in Southport, Lancashire to William Smith and Alice Ann Tullis, the sixth of seven daughters. Her family belonged to the Church of England, and Smith remained a religious Christian throughout her life. She obtained a teacher's diploma from Oxford in 1916 and taught in the Middle East until 1925. She obtained her doctorate from the University of London in 1928 where she studied with Reynold Alleyne Nicholson, Thomas Walker Arnold and Louis Massignon. Smith's dissertation became her seminal work on the early female Sufi mystic Rabi'a, titled ''Rabi‘a the Mystic and Her Fellow-Saints in Islam,'' one of the first English language biographies of Rabi'a. Smith was the first orientalist to focus her research on women Sufis. From 1930 to 1932, she served as a lecturer on Islamic mysticism at the School of Oriental Studies. She the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ishq
''Ishq'' () is an Arabic word meaning 'love' or 'passion', also widely used in other languages of the Muslim world and the Indian subcontinent. The word ''ishq'' does not appear in the central religious text of Islam, the Quran, which instead uses derivatives of the verbal root ' (), such as the noun ' (). The word is traditionally derived from the verbal root ' "to stick, to cleave to" and connected to the noun ', which denotes a kind of ivy. In its most common classical interpretation, ''ishq'' refers to the irresistible desire to obtain possession of the beloved (''ma‘shuq''), expressing a deficiency that the lover (''‘āshiq'') must remedy in order to reach perfection (''kamāl''). Like the perfections of the soul and the body, love thus admits of hierarchical degrees, but its underlying reality is the aspiration to the beauty (''al-husn'') which God manifested in the world when he created Adam in his own image. The Islamic conception of love acquired further dimensions f ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ummah
' (; ) is an Arabic word meaning Muslim identity, nation, religious community, or the concept of a Commonwealth of the Muslim Believers ( '). It is a synonym for ' (, lit. 'the Islamic nation'); it is commonly used to mean the collective community of Muslim people. In the Quran, the ''ummah'' typically refers to a single group that shares a common religious beliefs, specifically those that are the objects of a divine plan of salvation. The word ''ummah'' (pl. ''umam'' ) means nation in Arabic. For example, the Arabic term for the United Nations is , and the term is used to refer to "the Arab Nation". Ummah is distinguished from ' ( , "people"), which means a nation with common ancestry or geography. The word ''ummah'' differs from the concept of a country or people. In its greater context it is used to describe a larger group of people. For example, in Arabic the word شعب ' ("people") would be used to describe the citizens of Syria. However, the term ''ummah'' is used t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
