Pyrus Hakkiarica
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Pyrus Hakkiarica
''Pyrus hakkiarica'' ( Turkish: ) is a species of wild pear in the family Rosaceae. It is endemic to the Hakkari area of Turkey, and is assessed as data deficient on the IUCN Red List. Description ''Pyrus hakkiarica'' is a small, thorny tree reaching up to about 5 m in height. Young shoots are hairless (), while branches bear stout spines. Leaves are broadly , variable even on the same plant, typically up to 7 cm long and 4–5 cm wide, with margins that may be entire or lightly to . Both surfaces of the leaf are smooth and green, and the leaf base is usually (heart‑shaped) but may sometimes appear rounded. measure 2.5–5 cm in length. Flowers appear in clusters of one to three, each developing into a single (pear‑shaped) fruit up to 3 cm in diameter; the fruit retains its lobes and is borne on a thick stalk 3–5 cm long Wikipedia. Analysis of the mineral content of ''P. hakkiarica'' has found the fruit higher than other pears i ...
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Turkish Language
Turkish ( , , also known as 'Turkish of Turkey') is the most widely spoken of the Turkic languages, a member of Oghuz languages, Oghuz branch with around 90 million speakers. It is the national language of Turkey and one of two official languages of Cyprus. Significant smaller groups of Turkish speakers also exist in Germany, Austria, Bulgaria, North Macedonia, Greece, other parts of Europe, the South Caucasus, and some parts of Central Asia, Iraqi Turkmen, Iraq, and Syrian Turkmen, Syria. Turkish is the List of languages by total number of speakers, 18th-most spoken language in the world. To the west, the influence of Ottoman Turkish language, Ottoman Turkish—the variety of the Turkish language that was used as the administrative and literary language of the Ottoman Empire—spread as the Ottoman Empire expanded. In 1928, as one of Atatürk's reforms in the early years of the Republic of Turkey, the Persian alphabet, Perso-Arabic script-based Ottoman Turkish alphabet was repl ...
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Iron
Iron is a chemical element; it has symbol Fe () and atomic number 26. It is a metal that belongs to the first transition series and group 8 of the periodic table. It is, by mass, the most common element on Earth, forming much of Earth's outer and inner core. It is the fourth most abundant element in the Earth's crust, being mainly deposited by meteorites in its metallic state. Extracting usable metal from iron ores requires kilns or furnaces capable of reaching , about 500 °C (900 °F) higher than that required to smelt copper. Humans started to master that process in Eurasia during the 2nd millennium BC and the use of iron tools and weapons began to displace copper alloys – in some regions, only around 1200 BC. That event is considered the transition from the Bronze Age to the Iron Age. In the modern world, iron alloys, such as steel, stainless steel, cast iron and special steels, are by far the most common industrial metals, due to their mechan ...
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Data Deficient Plants
Data ( , ) are a collection of discrete or continuous value (semiotics), values that convey information, describing the quantity, qualitative property, quality, fact, statistics, other basic units of meaning, or simply sequences of symbols that may be further interpretation (logic), interpreted formally. A datum is an individual value in a collection of data. Data are usually organized into structures such as table (information), tables that provide additional context and meaning, and may themselves be used as data in larger structures. Data may be Data (computer science), used as variable (research), variables in a computational process. Data may represent abstract ideas or concrete measurements. Data are commonly used in scientific research, economics, and virtually every other form of human organizational activity. Examples of data sets include price indices (such as the consumer price index), unemployment rates, literacy rates, and census data. In this context, data repr ...
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Pyrus
Pears are fruits produced and consumed around the world, growing on a tree and harvested in late summer into mid-autumn. The pear tree and shrub are a species of genus ''Pyrus'' , in the family Rosaceae, bearing the pomaceous fruit of the same name. Several species of pears are valued for their edible fruit and juices, while others are cultivated as trees. The tree is medium-sized and native to coastal and mildly temperate regions of Europe, North Africa, and Asia. Pear wood is one of the preferred materials in the manufacture of high-quality woodwind instruments and furniture. About 3,000 known varieties of pears are grown worldwide, which vary in both shape and taste. The fruit is consumed fresh, canned, as juice, dried, or fermented as perry. Etymology The word ''pear'' is probably from Germanic ''pera'' as a loanword of Vulgar Latin ''pira'', the plural of ''pirum'', akin to Greek ''apios'' (from Mycenaean ''ápisos''), of Semitic origin (''pirâ''), meaning "fruit" ...
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Endemic Flora Of Turkey
Endemism is the state of a species being found only in a single defined geographic location, such as an island, state, nation, country or other defined zone; organisms that are indigenous to a place are not endemic to it if they are also found elsewhere. For example, the Cape sugarbird is found exclusively in southwestern South Africa and is therefore said to be ''endemic'' to that particular part of the world. An endemic species can also be referred to as an ''endemism'' or, in scientific literature, as an ''endemite''. Similarly, many species found in the Western ghats of India are examples of endemism. Endemism is an important concept in conservation biology for measuring biodiversity in a particular place and evaluating the risk of extinction for species. Endemism is also of interest in evolutionary biology, because it provides clues about how changes in the environment cause species to undergo range shifts (potentially expanding their range into a larger area or becoming ...
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Yüksekova
Yüksekova (; ) is a municipality (belde) in the Yüksekova District of Hakkâri Province in Turkey and is the largest city in the province. The city is populated by Kurds of different tribal backgrounds including non-tribal and is considered part of Turkish Kurdistan. The city also has a large ethnic Turkish population for the region and historically had a large Assyrian Christian population although, the Assyrian share of the population used to be much larger than it is today due to the Ottoman Empire's genocide of Assyrian Christians. Yüksekova had a population of 84,800 in 2023. Remziye Yaşar ( Peoples' Democratic Party) was elected mayor in 2019. She was arrested in October 2019 over terrorism-related charges and replaced by a trustee appointed by the central government. Name Yüksekova was historically known as Dize meaning fortress in Kurdish. This region is attested as early as the 4th century in the Syriac text Acts of Mar Mari as Gāwār, a region that Christ ...
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Şemdinli
Şemdinli (, or ) is a town located in the Şemdinli District of Hakkari Province in Turkey and had a population of 18,220 in 2023. The current mayor is Tahir Saklı from the Justice and Development Party (AKP), elected in 2019. The town is populated by Kurds of the Humaru and Zerzan Kurdish tribes and moreover of mixed tribal and non-tribal origin. Neighborhoods Şemdinli is divided into the five neighborhoods of Beşevler, Karşıyaka, Moda, Yayla and Yeni. Kurdish-Turkish conflict Conflict between the PKK and the Turkish state forces A bomb exploded in Şemdinli town centre on November 1, 2005. It was officially attributed to the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK), an armed Kurdish militant group. On November 9 one man was killed in a grenade attack on a local bookshop. The suspects of this attack, however, were caught in the act by bystanders. They were said to be members of a Turkish Gendarmerie unit, JITEM. The resulting investigation developed into a major politic ...
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Peter Hadland Davis
Peter Hadland Davis FLS, FRSE (18 June 1918 – 5 March 1992) was a British botanist. Life Davis was born on 18 June 1918 in Weston-super-Mare. Initially he was educated at the Nash House, Burnham-on-Sea and then continued his education at Bradfield College and later in Maiden Erlegh near Reading, Berkshire . In 1937 he began training at Ingwersen's Alpine Plant Nursery in East Grinstead and became interested in botany. In 1938 he began his first botanical expedition, albeit as an amateur on his own initiative. He visited the Middle East and Turkey, but had to break off his trip in 1939 at the beginning of World War II. He was called up into the army and served until 1945. The last two years of his time in the army he spent time in Cairo. Immediately after he was demobbed, Davis moved to Scotland to study botany and biology at the University of Edinburgh. In 1950 he began the research project that eventually became the ''Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands''. In 195 ...
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Chorology
Chorology (from Greek , , "place, space"; and , ''-logia'') can mean * the study of the causal relations between geographical phenomena occurring within a particular region * the study of the spatial distribution of organisms (biogeography). Use The Greek geographer, Strabo (64 or 63 BC- 24AD) wrote in his work ''Geographica'' that a geographer is "the person who attempts to describe the parts of the earth" (in Greek, chorographein). In the twentieth century, German geographer Alfred Hettner used the term: In the US, Richard Hartshorne worked on the notion again. The term was popularized by Ferdinand von Richthofen. See also *Chorography *Khôra In semiotics, ''khôra'' (also ''chora''; ) is the space that gives a place for being. The term has been used in philosophy by Plato to designate a receptacle (as a "third kind" 'triton genos'' '' Timaeus'' 48e4), a space, a material substratum ... References Biogeography {{geo-term-stub ...
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Species Description
A species description is a formal scientific description of a newly encountered species, typically articulated through a scientific publication. Its purpose is to provide a clear description of a new species of organism and explain how it differs from species that have been previously described or related species. For a species to be considered valid, a species description must follow established guidelines and naming conventions dictated by relevant nomenclature codes. These include the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) for animals, the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN) for plants, and the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) for viruses. A species description often includes photographs or other illustrations of type material and information regarding where this material is deposited. The publication in which the species is described gives the new species a formal scientific name. Some 1.9 million ...
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Conservation Status
The conservation status of a group of organisms (for instance, a species) indicates whether the group still exists and how likely the group is to become extinct in the near future. Many factors are taken into account when assessing conservation status: not simply the number of individuals remaining, but the overall increase or decrease in the population over time, breeding success rates, and known threats. Various systems of conservation status are in use at international, multi-country, national and local levels, as well as for consumer use such as sustainable seafood advisory lists and certification. The two international systems are by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). International systems IUCN Red List of Threatened Species The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species by the International Union for Conservation of Nature is the best known worldwide conse ...
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Continental Climate
Continental climates often have a significant annual variation in temperature (warm to hot summers and cold winters). They tend to occur in central and eastern parts of the three northern-tier continents (North America, Europe, and Asia), typically in the middle latitudes (40 to 55 or 60 degrees north), often within large landmasses, where prevailing winds blow overland bringing some precipitation, and temperatures are not moderated by oceans. Continental climates occur mostly in the Northern Hemisphere due to the large landmasses found there. Most of northeastern China, eastern and southeastern Europe, much of Russia south of the Arctic Circle, central and southeastern Canada, and the central and northeastern United States have this type of climate. Continentality is a measure of the degree to which a region experiences this type of climate. In continental climates, precipitation tends to be moderate in amount, concentrated mostly in the warmer months. Only a few areas—in th ...
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