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Pur Et Dur
Pur et dur (; a common expression in French literally meaning "pure and hard") is a term used in Quebec politics to refer to hardliners of the Parti Québécois and the Quebec independence movement. It is most commonly used in the media, where it was popularized. It is also used to criticize some members of the Parti Québécois. Some within the party resent the use of the term by the media, but some have embraced it. It is similar to the term " SNP fundamentalist", used in Scottish politics for a faction of the Scottish National Party, another pro-independence party. Many of the first "purs et durs" came from the Rassemblement pour l'indépendance nationale who, through entryism, joined the Parti Québécois in the early days of the 1960s. They are associated with strong opinions about independence (including the need to attain it quickly, the question of an eventual supranational union, or "sovereignty-association", and the question of the "étapisme" approach) and language pr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
French Language
French ( or ) is a Romance languages, Romance language of the Indo-European languages, Indo-European family. Like all other Romance languages, it descended from the Vulgar Latin of the Roman Empire. French evolved from Northern Old Gallo-Romance, a descendant of the Latin spoken in Northern Gaul. Its closest relatives are the other langues d'oïl—languages historically spoken in northern France and in southern Belgium, which French (Francien language, Francien) largely supplanted. It was also substratum (linguistics), influenced by native Celtic languages of Northern Roman Gaul and by the Germanic languages, Germanic Frankish language of the post-Roman Franks, Frankish invaders. As a result of French and Belgian colonialism from the 16th century onward, it was introduced to new territories in the Americas, Africa, and Asia, and numerous French-based creole languages, most notably Haitian Creole, were established. A French-speaking person or nation may be referred to as Fra ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jean-Claude St-André
Jean-Claude St-André (born September 27, 1962) is a Quebec provincial politician and was the Member of the National Assembly of Quebec representing L'Assomption for the Parti Québécois. He earned his Bachelor of Arts in social sciences from the Université de Montréal in 1984 and subsequently studied business administration at the Université du Québec à Montréal. After working for several years in business he became involved in politics joining the staff of the MNA for Anjou in 1992 and then serving in the office of the Premier of Quebec, Jacques Parizeau from 1994 to 1996. As a youth he had campaigned for the "Yes" side in the 1980 Quebec referendum on sovereignty-association and was also active with the PQ on the Anjou riding executive and as a campaign manager throughout the 1980s and 1990s. On June 10, 1996, he was elected MNA for L'Assomption in a by-election and was re-elected in the 1998 and 2003 provincial elections. Since May 2003 he has been spokesman of the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pure Laine
The French term ''pure laine'' (, often translated as 'old stock' or 'dyed-in-the-wool'), refers to Québécois people of full French Canadian ancestry, meaning those descended from the original settlers of New France who arrived during the 17th and 18th centuries. Terms with a similar meaning include ''de souche'' (of the base of the tree, or root) and ''old stock'' as in "Old Stock Canadians". Many French-Canadians are able to trace their ancestry back to the original settlers from France—a number are descended from mixed marriages between the French, Scottish and Irish settlers. Unions sharing Roman Catholic faith were approved by the Roman Catholic Church in Quebec. Many English emigrants in the region, especially after 1763 when Quebec was ceded to Britain, were ultimately assimilated into Francophone culture. The term is associated with nativism and ethnic nationalism in Quebec, and its usage has been criticized for excluding immigrants from Québécois identity a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
National Assembly Of Quebec
The National Assembly of Quebec (, ) is the Legislature, legislative body of the Provinces and territories of Canada, province of Quebec in Canada. Legislators are called MNAs (Members of the National Assembly; ). The lieutenant governor of Quebec (representing the King of Canada) and the National Assembly compose the Parliament of Québec, which operates in a fashion similar to those of other Westminster system, Westminster-style parliamentary systems. The assembly has 125 members elected via first past the post from single-member districts. The National Assembly was formerly the lower house of Quebec's legislature and was then called the Legislative Assembly of Quebec. In 1968, the upper house, the Legislative Council of Quebec, Legislative Council, was abolished and the remaining house was renamed. The office of President of the National Assembly of Quebec, President of the National Assembly is equivalent to speaker in other legislatures. As of the 2022 Quebec general electio ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ayatollah
Ayatollah (, ; ; ) is an Title of honor, honorific title for high-ranking Twelver Shia clergy. It came into widespread usage in the 20th century. Originally used as a title bestowed by popular/clerical acclaim for a small number of the most distinguished ''marja' at-taqlid'' ''mujtahid'', it suffered from "inflation" following the 1979 Iranian Revolution when it came to be used for "any established mujtahid".Momen, ''An Introduction to Shi'i Islam'', 1985, p.205-6 By 2015 it was further expanded to include any student who had passed their Mujtahid final exam, leading to "thousands" of Ayatollahs. The title is not used by the Sunni Islam, Sunni community of Iran. In the Western world – especially after the Iranian Revolution – it was associated with Ruhollah Khomeini, who was so well known as to often be referred to as "The Ayatollah". Etymology The title is originally derived from the Arabic word Grammatical modifier#Premodifiers and postmodifiers, post-modified with t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
René Lévesque
René Lévesque ( ; August 24, 1922 – November 1, 1987) was a Canadian politician and journalist who served as the 23rd premier of Quebec from 1976 to 1985. He was the first Québécois political leader since Confederation to seek, through a referendum, a mandate to negotiate the political independence of Quebec. Starting his career as a reporter, and radio and television host, he later became known for his eminent role in Quebec's nationalization of hydro-electric companies and as an ardent defender of Quebec sovereignty. He was the founder of the Parti Québécois, and before that, a Liberal minister in the Lesage government from 1960 to 1966. Early life Lévesque was born in the Hôtel Dieu Hospital in Campbellton, New Brunswick, on August 24, 1922. He was raised in New Carlisle, Quebec, on the Gaspé Peninsula, by his parents, Diane (née Dionne) and Dominic Lévesque, a lawyer. He had three siblings, André, Fernand and Alice. His father died when Léves ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gilles Grégoire
Gilles Grégoire (May 6, 1926 – November 22, 2006) was a co-founder of the Parti Québécois. Born in Quebec City, Quebec, the son of Joseph-Ernest Grégoire, he was elected in 1962 to the House of Commons of Canada with the Ralliement des créditistes. He left that party in 1966 and was elected president of the Ralliement national, a pro-sovereignty party on August 21, 1966. In October 1968 the Ralliement national merged with René Lévesque's Mouvement Souveraineté-Association to form the Parti Québécois. He was elected as a member of the National Assembly of Quebec in the riding of Frontenac (provincial electoral district), Frontenac in the 1976 Quebec general election, 1976 general election and was re-elected in the 1981 Quebec general election, 1981 general election. In 1983, he was sentenced to two years minus a day in jail due to his sexual abuse of several minor girls, which resulted in him becoming an independent (politician), independent for the rest of his term ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Guy Bertrand (lawyer)
Guy Bertrand is a lawyer operating in Quebec City. He is a founding member of the Parti Québécois and ran in the PQ leadership election of 1985. He had been a Quebec sovereigntist of the pur et dur stream for most of his public life, before shifting to the opposite Quebec federalist ideology during the 1990s. He converted back to sovereigntism during the 2000s. He is also the author of ''Enough is enough!'' (translation of the French ''Plaidoyer pour les citoyens'' 'Representing citizens'), where he criticizes the destructive and dishonest tactics of the Quebec separatist movement, but indicates continued support for their ideals. He defended Léon Mugesera, well publicized anti-Tutsi speaker of the 1994 Rwandan genocide, and faced accusations from the Barreau du Québec for remarks he made during the Mugasera trial. He accused the Canadian government and the Supreme Court of Canada of giving in to pressure from Jewish organizations, which he claimed wanted Mugasera deported. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Yves Michaud (politician)
Yves Michaud (; February 13, 1930 – March 19, 2024) was a Canadian politician in Quebec who was a sovereigntist and ''pur et dur'' supporter of the Parti Québécois. Background Yves Michaud was born in Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada on February 13, 1930. In 1959, he received a Canada Council grant to study journalism in France at the Université de Strasbourg. He then began a career as a journalist for the ''Clairon'' in Saint-Hyacinthe. He was later chief editor of '' La Patrie'' and also had a chronicle for the magazine ''7 jours''. Michaud died in Montreal on March 19, 2024, at the age of 94. No official cause of death was given, but it was reported in 2022 that he had Alzheimer's disease. Member of the legislature Michaud joined the ranks of the Liberal Party of Quebec and was elected in the Gouin riding in the 1966 provincial election, which the Liberals lost. He became friends with fellow Liberals René Lévesque and Robert Bourassa, who would both later become Pr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Robin Philpot
Robin Philpot (born 1948) is a Quebec journalist and 2007 electoral candidate for the Parti Québécois. Background Originally from Thunder Bay, Ontario, where his father Roderick Philpot was an alderman of the city of Fort William, Philpot is a graduate of Fort William Collegiate Institute and earned degrees in literature and history from the University of Toronto. After working in Africa, he established himself in Quebec in 1974. In 1999, he became director of communications for the Saint-Jean-Baptiste Society in Montreal. He founded publishing company Baraka Books in 2009 with the support of Denis Vaugeois and Gilles Herman. Political views Philpot has called into question the testimony of Roméo Dallaire on the Rwandan genocide; his brother is the Montreal lawyer John Philpot, who represented Jean-Paul Akayesu and other defendants accused of genocide and crimes against humanity at the trials conducted by the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda. He is also known f ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pierre Falardeau
Pierre Falardeau (; December 28, 1946 – September 25, 2009) was a Québécois film and documentary director, pamphleteer and noted activist for Quebec independence. Falardeau wrote at least one book, ''Rien n'est plus précieux que la liberté et l'indépendance''. He died on September 25, 2009, following a long battle with cancer. He was entombed at the Notre Dame des Neiges Cemetery in Montreal. Following his death, he was the subject of the 2010 documentary film '' Falardeau''. Political views With regard to minorities, Falardeau stated he did not care whether someone was white, black, yellow or green with orange polka dots; those who supported independence he considered brothers and sisters, and those who did not were "the enemy". Falardeau created some controversy during his career. For example, in 2006, a photograph surfaced of him at an August 2006 Montreal pro-Palestinian rally about the Israel-Lebanon conflict. The picture shows Falardeau with some young men an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pierre Bourgault
Pierre Bourgault (January 23, 1934 – June 16, 2003) was a politician and essayist, as well as an actor and journalist, from Quebec, Canada. He is most famous as a public speaker who advocated sovereignty for Quebec from Canada. Biography Bourgault was born in East Angus in the Estrie (Eastern Townships) region of Quebec. His father was a civil servant and his mother, a homemaker. His parents sent him to boarding school at age seven, determined that he should receive the education which they lacked. After secondary school, he briefly attended the seminary and entertained the idea of a possible entry into the priesthood, per ancestral tradition, but reneged on his obligation shortly thereafter. He is today entombed within the traditionally Catholic Notre Dame des Neiges Cemetery in Montreal. Beginning in the early 1960s, he supported Quebec independence from Canada and in 1960 joined the pro-independence '' Rassemblement pour l'indépendance nationale''. A famed an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
