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Psilocybe Fimetaria
''Psilocybe fimetaria'' is a dung-loving mushroom in the genus ''Psilocybe''. Along with '' Psilocybe fuscofulva'', it is one of two ''Psilocybe'' mushroom species that has been found to contain no detectable levels of the psychoactive tryptamines psilocin, psilocybin, or others. In the case of ''Psilocybe fimetaria'', this may be due to some individual specimens having a very low concentration, or the species actually being a pair of morphologically similar species. Etymology *From the Latin word 'fime', meaning dung, and the standard Latin suffix '-arius', meaning engaged-in or structured. Description *Cap: 1.5 — 3.5 cm in diameter, papillate to convex, becoming umbonate to broadly convex in age. Surface even to translucent-striate near the margin, viscid when moist from a thick separable gelatinous pellicle. Often velar remnants on surface, typically around the margin. Pale reddish brown to ochraceous, hygrophanous, fading in drying to yellowish olive to ochraceous ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Roy Watling
Roy Watling (born 1938) is a Scottish mycologist who has made significant contributions to the study of fungi both in the identification of new species and correct taxonomic placement, as well as in fungal ecology. Biography Watling was the Head of Mycology and Plant Pathology and Acting Regius Keeper of the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh. He was a visiting professor at Ramkhamhaeng University in Bangkok, Thailand. He was awarded a Patrick Neill Medal and an Outstanding Contribution to Nature Award from the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds. He is a member of the German, American, and Dutch Mycological Societies and the North American Mycological Association. Since his retirement, he has led fungal forays and education events for youth in and around Edinburgh. He was president of the Botanical Society of Scotland from 1984 to 1986. In 1997, Watling received the honour of Member of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire ( MBE) for services to science. In 1998, th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Psilocybe Semilanceata
''Psilocybe semilanceata'', commonly known as the liberty cap, is a species of fungus which produces the psychoactive compounds psilocybin, psilocin and baeocystin. It is both one of the most widely distributed psilocybin mushrooms in nature, and one of the most potent. The mushrooms have a distinctive conical to bell-shaped cap, up to in diameter, with a small nipple-like protrusion on the top. They are yellow to brown, covered with radial grooves when moist, and fade to a lighter color as they mature. Their stipes tend to be slender and long, and the same color or slightly lighter than the cap. The gill attachment to the stipe is adnexed (narrowly attached), and they are initially cream-colored before tinting purple to black as the spores mature. The spores are dark purplish-brown en masse, ellipsoid in shape, and measure 10.5–15 by 6.5–8.5 μm. The mushroom grows in grassland habitats, especially wetter areas. Unlike '' P. cubensis'', the fungus doe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Psychedelic Tryptamine Carriers
Psychedelics are a subclass of hallucinogenic drugs whose primary effect is to trigger non-ordinary mental states (known as psychedelic experiences or "trips") and a perceived "expansion of consciousness". Also referred to as classic hallucinogens or serotonergic hallucinogens, the term ''psychedelic'' is sometimes used more broadly to include various other types of hallucinogens as well, such as those which are atypical or adjacent to psychedelia like salvia and MDMA, respectively. Classic psychedelics generally cause specific psychological, visual, and auditory changes, and oftentimes a substantially altered state of consciousness. They have had the largest influence on science and culture, and include mescaline, LSD, psilocybin, and DMT. There are a large number of both naturally occurring and synthetic serotonergic psychedelics. Most psychedelic drugs fall into one of the three families of chemical compounds: tryptamines, phenethylamines, or lysergamides. They produ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Psychoactive Fungi
This is a list of Psychoactive drug, psychoactive plants, fungi, and animals. Plants Psychoactive plants include, but are not limited to, the following examples: * ''Cannabis'': cannabinoids * Tobacco: nicotine, anabasine, and other Nicotinic agonists, as well as beta-carboline alkaloids * Coca: cocaine, ecgonine and other coca alkaloids * Opium poppy: morphine, codeine, thebaine, papaverine, noscapine, and narceine * ''Salvia divinorum'': salvinorin A and other Salvinorins * Khat: cathine and cathinone * Kava: kavalactones * Nutmeg: myristicin * Nightshade (''Solanaceae'') plants containing hyoscyamine, atropine, and scopolamine: ** ''Datura'' ** Deadly nightshade (''Atropa belladonna'') ** Henbane (''Hyoscyamus niger'') ** Mandrake (''Mandragora officinarum'') ** Other ''Solanaceae'' * Psychoactive cacti, which contain mainly mescaline: ** Peyote ** Other ''Lophophora'' ** Peruvian torch cactus ** Trichocereus macrogonus, San Pedro cactus *** Trichocereus macrogonus, ''Trich ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Entheogens
Entheogens are psychoactive substances used in spiritual and religious contexts to induce altered states of consciousness. Hallucinogens such as the psilocybin found in so-called "magic" mushrooms have been used in sacred contexts since ancient times. Derived from a term meaning "generating the divine from within" entheogen have been used to facilitate transcendence, heaving, divination and mystical insight. Entheogens have been used in various ways, including as part of established religious rituals and as aids for personal spiritual development. Anthropological study has established that entheogens are used for religious, magical, shamanic, or spiritual purposes in many parts of the world. Civilizations such as the Maya and Aztecs used psilocybin mushrooms, peyote, and morning glory seeds in ceremonies meant to connect with deities and perform healing. They have traditionally been used to supplement many diverse practices geared towards achieving transcendence, including h ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Panaeolus Papilionaceus
''Panaeolus papilionaceus'', commonly known as Petticoat mottlegill, is a very common and widely distributed small brown mushroom that feeds on dung. This mushroom is the type species for the genus ''Panaeolus''. Description The cap is across, obtusely conic then becoming campanulate, and grayish brown. It is not hygrophanous and the margin is adorned with white toothlike partial veil fragments when young or towards the edge. The flesh is thin. The gills are adnate to adnexed, close to crowded, one or two tiers of intermediate gills, pale gray, acquiring a mottled, blackish appearance in age, with whitish edges. The spore print is black. The stipe is 6–12 cm by 2–4 mm, gray-brown to reddish brown, darker where handled, paler toward the apex, brittle, fibrous, and pruinose. The odor is mild and the taste unappetizing. Microscopic features The spores are 12–18 x 7–10 μm, elliptical, smooth, with an apical pore. Basidia 4-sterigmate; abruptly clava ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Deconica Coprophila
''Deconica coprophila'', commonly known as the dung-loving psilocybe, meadow muffin mushroom, or dung demon, is a species of mushroom in the family Strophariaceae. Taxonomy First described as ''Agaricus coprophilus'' by Jean Baptiste François Pierre Bulliard in 1793, it was transferred to the genus ''Psilocybe'' by Paul Kummer in 1871. In the first decade of the 2000s, several molecular studies showed that the ''Psilocybe'' was polyphyletic and the non-bluing (non-hallucinogenic) species were transferred to ''Deconica''. Description The hemispherical cap is up to wide, red then orangish, usually with a hygrophanous central blotch. The gills are adnate, pale then purplish with white edges. The stem is up to long and thick and darker near the base. The spore print is purplish-brown. Similar species It resembles ''D. merdaria'', '' Agrocybe pediades'', ''Panaeolus cinctulus'', and members of '' Protostropharia''. Habitat and distribution The species grows on cattle ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Psilocybe Liniformans
''Psilocybe liniformans'' is a mushroom in the family Hymenogastraceae. It is in the section Semilanceatae of ''Psilocybe''. Description The stipe of ''Psilocybe liniformans'' is 5.5-7.5 cm long. The cap is 4.5-7.5 cm wide. The latter is initially pointed bell-shaped and flattens with age. The red-brown, glossy cap fades to the edge of yellow-brownish. The lamellae are yellowish brown to dark yellowish brown. The spore print is brown to dark brown. The cylindrical and full-length grooved stipe is pale yellow. In the upper third of the stipe carries a whitish ring. The stipe and cap may colour blue when damaged. Similar species ''Psilocybe liniformans'' is phylogenetically a close relative of Psilocybe fimetaria ''Psilocybe fimetaria'' is a dung-loving mushroom in the genus ''Psilocybe''. Along with '' Psilocybe fuscofulva'', it is one of two ''Psilocybe'' mushroom species that has been found to contain no detectable levels of the psychoactive tryptami .... Not only do they ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Phylogenetically
In biology, phylogenetics () is the study of the evolutionary history of life using observable characteristics of organisms (or genes), which is known as phylogenetic inference. It infers the relationship among organisms based on empirical data and observed heritable traits of DNA sequences, protein amino acid sequences, and morphology. The results are a phylogenetic tree—a diagram depicting the hypothetical relationships among the organisms, reflecting their inferred evolutionary history. The tips of a phylogenetic tree represent the observed entities, which can be living taxa or fossils. A phylogenetic diagram can be rooted or unrooted. A rooted tree diagram indicates the hypothetical common ancestor of the taxa represented on the tree. An unrooted tree diagram (a network) makes no assumption about directionality of character state transformation, and does not show the origin or "root" of the taxa in question. In addition to their use for inferring phylogenetic patterns ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Americas
The Americas, sometimes collectively called America, are a landmass comprising the totality of North America and South America.''Webster's New World College Dictionary'', 2010 by Wiley Publishing, Inc., Cleveland, Ohio. When viewed as a single continent, the Americas or America is the 2nd largest continent by area after Asia, and is the 3rd largest continent by population. The Americas make up most of the land in Earth's Western Hemisphere and comprise the New World. Along with their Lists of islands of the Americas, associated islands, the Americas cover 8% of Earth's total surface area and 28.4% of its land area. The topography is dominated by the American Cordillera, a long chain of mountains that runs the length of the west coast. The flatter eastern side of the Americas is dominated by large river basins, such as the Amazon basin, Amazon, St. Lawrence River–Great Lakes, Mississippi River System, Mississippi, and Río de la Plata Basin, La Plata basins. Since the Americ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Asia
Asia ( , ) is the largest continent in the world by both land area and population. It covers an area of more than 44 million square kilometres, about 30% of Earth's total land area and 8% of Earth's total surface area. The continent, which has long been home to the majority of the human population, was the site of many of the first civilisations. Its 4.7 billion people constitute roughly 60% of the world's population. Asia shares the landmass of Eurasia with Europe, and of Afro-Eurasia with both Europe and Africa. In general terms, it is bounded on the east by the Pacific Ocean, on the south by the Indian Ocean, and on the north by the Arctic Ocean. The border of Asia with Europe is a social constructionism, historical and cultural construct, as there is no clear physical and geographical separation between them. A commonly accepted division places Asia to the east of the Suez Canal separating it from Africa; and to the east of the Turkish straits, the Ural Mountains an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Europe
Europe is a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere. It is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, the Mediterranean Sea to the south, and Asia to the east. Europe shares the landmass of Eurasia with Asia, and of Afro-Eurasia with both Africa and Asia. Europe is commonly considered to be Boundaries between the continents#Asia and Europe, separated from Asia by the Drainage divide, watershed of the Ural Mountains, the Ural (river), Ural River, the Caspian Sea, the Greater Caucasus, the Black Sea, and the waterway of the Bosporus, Bosporus Strait. "Europe" (pp. 68–69); "Asia" (pp. 90–91): "A commonly accepted division between Asia and Europe ... is formed by the Ural Mountains, Ural River, Caspian Sea, Caucasus Mountains, and the Black Sea with its outlets, the Bosporus and Dardanelles." Europe covers approx. , or 2% of Earth#Surface, Earth's surface (6.8% of Earth's land area), making it ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
