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Private Fair Use (Poland)
Private fair use in Polish law refers to a statutory authorization that allows users to privately utilize copyrighted works without obtaining permission from copyright holders or paying them. It is a form of Fair use (Poland), fair use and serves as one of the Limitations and exceptions to copylimitations (or exceptions) regulated by International law, international and Law of the European Union, EU law. Copyright protection primarily concerns the public use of a work and does not interfere with the private sphere. To adapt the law to the private use of works by individual users, legislators have introduced provisions similar to private fair use. It is a fundamental institution of copyright law with significant social importance. Similar provisions were included in the 1926 and 1952 acts and are also present in the laws of all European countries. In the Polish Copyright Act of 1994, private fair use is regulated in Article 23. Although this institution has deep-rooted traditions and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fair Use (Poland)
Fair use (Polish: ''dozwolony użytek'') is a concept in Polish copyright law that allows the use of copyrighted works without the author's economic rights or rights holder's permission and, in principle, without remuneration. This limitation restricts the exclusive rights of the copyright holder to use the work and to derive benefits from its use. The restriction of these exclusive rights is justified either by private interests (private fair use) or public interests (public fair use). The term "fair use" is specific to the Polish Copyright Act of 1994. It does not appear in the legislation or legal scholarship of other countries and was not present in Poland's previous copyright laws of 1926 and 1952. Fair use serves as the Polish equivalent of limitations and exceptions to copyright. Certain rules apply to all forms of fair use. The work must have been previously made publicly available. Additionally, moral rights must be respected – whenever possible, the author and source sh ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Peer-to-peer
Peer-to-peer (P2P) computing or networking is a distributed application architecture that partitions tasks or workloads between peers. Peers are equally privileged, equipotent participants in the network, forming a peer-to-peer network of Node (networking), nodes. In addition, a personal area network (PAN) is also in nature a type of Decentralized computing, decentralized peer-to-peer network typically between two devices. Peers make a portion of their resources, such as processing power, disk storage, or network bandwidth, directly available to other network participants, without the need for central coordination by servers or stable hosts. Peers are both suppliers and consumers of resources, in contrast to the traditional client–server model in which the consumption and supply of resources are divided. While P2P systems had previously been used in many application domains, the architecture was popularized by the Internet file sharing system Napster, originally released in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fair Use
Fair use is a Legal doctrine, doctrine in United States law that permits limited use of copyrighted material without having to first acquire permission from the copyright holder. Fair use is one of the limitations to copyright intended to balance the interests of copyright holders with the public interest in the wider distribution and use of creative works by allowing as a defense to copyright infringement claims certain limited uses that might otherwise be considered infringement. The U.S. "fair use doctrine" is generally broader than the "fair dealing" rights known in most countries that inherited English Common Law. The fair use right is a general exception that applies to all different kinds of uses with all types of works. In the U.S., fair use right/exception is based on a flexible proportionality test that examines the purpose of the use, the amount used, and the impact on the market of the original work. The doctrine of "fair use" originated in common law during the 18 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Building Code
A building code (also building control or building regulations) is a set of rules that specify the standards for construction objects such as buildings and non-building structures. Buildings must conform to the code to obtain planning permission, usually from a local council. The main purpose of building codes is to protect public health, safety and general welfare as they relate to the construction and occupancy of buildings and for example, the building codes in many countries require engineers to consider the effects of soil liquefaction in the design of new buildings. The building code becomes law of a particular jurisdiction when formally enacted by the appropriate governmental or private authority. Building codes are generally intended to be applied by architects, engineers, interior designers, constructors and regulators but are also used for various purposes by safety inspectors, environmental scientists, real estate developers, subcontractors, manufacturers of b ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Justification (jurisprudence)
Justification is a defense in a criminal case, by which a defendant who committed the acts asserts that because what they did meets certain legal standards, they are not criminally culpable for the acts which would otherwise be criminal. Justification and excuse are related but different defenses (see Justification and excuse).Criminal Law Cases and Materials, 7th ed. 2012; John Kaplan, Robert Weisberg, Guyora Binder Justification is an exception to the prohibition of committing certain offenses. Justification can be a defense in a prosecution for a criminal offense. When an act is justified, a person is not criminally liable even though their act would otherwise constitute an offense. For example, to intentionally commit a homicide would be considered murder. However, it is not considered a crime if committed in self-defense Self-defense (self-defence primarily in Commonwealth English) is a countermeasure that involves defending the health and well-being of oneself from ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lost Sales
Lost sales, also referred to as lost revenue, income or profit, is a term used in the context of Internet piracy to refer to sales that did not occur because potential customers have chosen not to buy a product but to obtain it from an illegal source for a lower cost or for no cost. Figures for lost sales usually assume that consumers who use pirated content would always choose to purchase the product at the market rate, if the illegal sources were not available. The content industry has endorsed studies concluding that the value of lost sales amounts to billions of U.S. dollars. However, other scholars and free culture and copyleft activists argue that the industry figures are grossly inflated, because some, if not most, individuals who obtain pirated copies would not have purchased the content even if the opportunity for piracy did not exist. In other words, it is dubious whether most of the consumers of the pirated content would purchase most of it at all if they were not able ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
SABA VR6010
Saba may refer to: Places * Saba (island), an island of the Netherlands located in the Caribbean Sea * Sabá, a municipality in the department of Colón, Honduras * Șaba or Șaba-Târg, the Romanian name for Shabo, a village in Ukraine * Saba, Iran, a village in Bushehr Province * Saba District, Yamaguchi, formerly located in Yamaguchi Prefecture, Japan * * Saba Island (United States Virgin Islands), an island three miles south of St. Thomas * Saba Bank, the largest submarine atoll in the Atlantic Ocean, located in the Caribbean Netherlands * Saba Rock, a small island in the British Virgin Islands * Mukim Saba, a mukim in Brunei * Kfar Saba, a city in Israel * Kafr Saba, a historical village in Mandatory Palestine History * Saba', an ancient kingdom in South Arabia mentioned in Biblical and Islamic traditions People * Saba (name), a given or surname (includes list of people with the name) * Saba or Sabbas the Goth (334–372), Christian saint * Saba or Sabbas the Sanctified ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Argumentum E Contrario
In logic, an ' (Latin: 'argument from the contrary'; also ''a contrario'' or ''ex contrario''), also known as appeal from the contrary, denotes any proposition that is argued to be correct because it is not disproven by a certain case. It is the opposite of the analogy. When analogy is allowed, ''e contrario'' is forbidden and vice versa. Arguments ''e contrario'' are often used in the legal system as a way to solve problems not currently covered by a certain system of laws. Although it might be used as a logical fallacy, arguments ''e contrario'' are not by definition fallacies. In law, the use of the ''argumentum e contrario'' finds its footing in the Latin maxim: ''ubicumque lex voluit dixit, ubi tacuit noluit'' that runs as follows: If the Legislator wished to say something, he would do that expressly. Legal examples *"§ 123 of the X-Law says that green cars need to have blue tires. Therefore, red cars don't have to have blue tires." : Here the argument is based on the fact ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Default Rule
{{not to be confused with, Default (law) In legal theory, a default rule is a rule of law that can be overridden by a contract, trust, will, or other legally effective agreement. Contract law, for example, can be divided into two kinds of rules: ''default rules'' and ''mandatory rules.'' Whereas the ''default rules'' can be modified by agreement of the parties, ''mandatory rules'' will be enforced, even if the parties to a contract attempt to override or modify them. One of the most important debates in contract theory concerns the proper role or purpose of default rules. The idea of a default rule in contract law is sometimes connected to the notion of a complete contract. In contract theory, a complete contract fully specifies the rights and duties of the parties to the contract for all possible future states of the world. An incomplete contract, therefore, contains gaps. Most contract theorists find that default rules fill in the gaps in what would otherwise be incomplete ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Peremptory Norm
A peremptory norm (also called ) is a fundamental principle of international law that is accepted by the international community of states as a norm from which no derogation is permitted. There is no universal agreement regarding precisely which norms are ''jus cogens'' nor how a norm reaches that status, but it is generally accepted that ''jus cogens'' bans genocide, maritime piracy, enslaving in general (i.e. slavery as well as slave trade), wars of aggression and territorial aggrandizement, and generally as well torture, and refoulement. Status of peremptory norms under international law Unlike ordinary customary law, which has traditionally required consent and allows the alteration of its obligations between states through treaties, peremptory norms may not be violated by any state "through international treaties or local or special customs or even general customary rules not endowed with the same normative force".''Prosecutor v. Furundžija'', International Cri ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
