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Power Transition Theory
Power transition theory is a theory about the nature of war, in relation to the power in international relations. The theory was first published in 1958 by its creator, A.F.K. Organski, in his textbook, ''World Politics'' (1958). Theory Organski first described power transition theory. According to Organski in his textbook, ''World Politics'' (1958):An even distribution of political, economic, and military capabilities between contending groups of states is likely to increase the probability of war; peace is preserved best when there is an imbalance of national capabilities between disadvantaged and advantaged nations; the aggressor will come from a small group of dissatisfied strong countries; and it is the weaker, rather than the stronger power that is most likely to be the aggressor.Steve Chan summarizes the theory as "the danger of systemic war is greatest when a rising challenger catches up with or even overtakes a declining hegemon." The underlying logic is that a rising powe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Power In International Relations
In international relations, power is defined in several different ways. Material definitions of state power emphasize economic and military power. Other definitions of power emphasize the ability to structure and constitute the nature of social relations between actors. Power is an attribute of particular actors in their interactions, as well as a social process that constitutes the social identities and capacities of actors. International relations scholars use the term polarity to describe the distribution of power in the international system. Unipolarity refers to an international system characterized by one hegemon (e.g. the United States in the post–Cold War era), bipolarity to an order with two great powers or blocs of states (e.g. the Cold War), and multipolarity refers to the presence of three or more great powers. Those states that have significant amounts of power within the international system are referred to as small powers, middle powers, regional powers, gre ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
War Of The Seventh Coalition
The Hundred Days ( ), also known as the War of the Seventh Coalition (), marked the period between Napoleon's return from eleven months of exile on the island of Elba to Paris on20 March 1815 and the second restoration of King Louis XVIII on 8 July 1815 (a period of 110 days). This period saw the War of the Seventh Coalition, and includes the Waterloo campaign and the Neapolitan War as well as several other Minor campaigns of 1815, minor campaigns. The phrase ''les Cent Jours'' (the Hundred Days) was first used by the Prefect (France), prefect of Paris, Gaspard de Chabrol, Gaspard, comte de Chabrol, in his speech welcoming the king back to Paris on 8 July. Napoleon returned while the Congress of Vienna was sitting. On 13 March, seven days before Napoleon reached Paris, the powers at the Congress of Vienna declared him an outlaw, and on 25 March, Austrian Empire, Austria, Kingdom of Prussia, Prussia, Russian Empire, Russia and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Russo-Ukrainian War
The Russo-Ukrainian War began in February 2014 and is ongoing. Following Ukraine's Revolution of Dignity, Russia Russian occupation of Crimea, occupied and Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation, annexed Crimea from Ukraine. It then supported Russian separatist forces in Ukraine, Russian paramilitaries who began a War in Donbas, war in the eastern Donbas region against Ukraine's military. In 2018, Ukraine declared the region to be Russian-occupied territories of Ukraine, occupied by Russia. These first eight years of conflict also included List of Black Sea incidents involving Russia and Ukraine, naval incidents and Russo-Ukrainian cyberwarfare, cyberwarfare. In February 2022, Russia launched a Russian invasion of Ukraine, full-scale invasion of Ukraine and began occupying more of the country, starting the biggest conflict in Europe since World War II. The war has resulted in a Ukrainian refugee crisis, refugee crisis and hundreds of thousands of deaths. In early 201 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Annexation Of Crimea By The Russian Federation
In February and March 2014, Russia invaded the Crimea, Crimean Peninsula, part of Ukraine, and then annexed it. This took place in the relative power vacuum immediately following the Revolution of Dignity. It marked the beginning of the Russo-Ukrainian War. The Revolution of Dignity, events in Kyiv that Revolution of Dignity#Removal of Yanukovych, ousted Ukrainian president Viktor Yanukovych on 22 February 2014 sparked both pro-Russian and anti-separatism Timeline of the 2014 Crimean crisis#February 23, demonstrations in Crimea. At the same time, Russian president Vladimir Putin told his security chiefs to begin work on "returning Crimea to Russia". On 27 February, Little green men (Russo-Ukrainian War), Russian special forces without insignia seized strategic sites across Crimea. Russia at first denied involvement, but Putin later admitted that they were Russian troops. As the armed men Capture of the Crimean Parliament, occupied Crimea's parliament, it dismissed the Council ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Michael Beckley (political Scientist)
Michael Beckley is an American political scientist currently serving as Director of the Asia Program at the Foreign Policy Research Institute, associate professor of political science at Tufts University, and a non-resident senior fellow at the American Enterprise Institute. His research focuses on great-power competition, US-China relations, alliance building, and US defense policy in East Asia. Education Beckley holds a BA in international studies from Emory University and a PhD in political science from Columbia University. Publications Books * Unrivaled: Why America Will Remain the World’s Sole Superpower(2018)'' * Danger Zone: The Coming Conflict with China' (2023) (co-authored with Hal Brands) Articles * How Primed for War Is China? ''Foreign Policy'', February 4, 2024 (co-authored with Hal Brands) * Delusions of Détente, ''Foreign Affairs (''August 2023) * No One Should Want to See a Dictator Get Old, ''New York Times ''The New York Times'' ( ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Randall Schweller
Randall L. Schweller (born 1958) is Professor of Political Science at the Ohio State University, where he has taught since 1994. He is a current member of the International Security editorial board and former Editor-in-Chief of the journal Security Studies. He earned his PhD from Columbia University in 1993 and was as an Olin Fellow at Harvard University in 1993-94. His primary teaching and research interests include international security and international relations theory, and he is perhaps best known for his Balance of Interests theory, a revision to Kenneth Waltz's Balance of Power theory and Stephen Walt's Balance of Threat theory. His work on this subject includes: Randall Schweller, "Tripolarity and the Second World War", ''International Studies Quarterly'' 37:1 (March 1993) and Randall Schweller, ''Deadly Imbalances: Tripolarity and Hitler's Strategy of World Conquest'' (Columbia University Press, 1998). Often associated with Structural Realists like Kenneth Waltz and St ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bargaining Model Of War
In international relations theory, the bargaining model of war is a method of representing the potential gains and losses and ultimate outcome of war between two actors as a bargaining interaction. A central puzzle that motivates research in this vein is the "inefficiency puzzle of war": why do wars occur when it would be better for all parties involved to reach an agreement that goes short of war? In the bargaining model, war between rational actors is possible due to uncertainty and commitment problems. As a result, provision of reliable information and steps to alleviate commitment problems make war less likely. It is an influential strand of rational choice scholarship in the field of international relations. Thomas Schelling was an early proponent of formalizing conflicts as bargaining situations. Stanford University political scientist James Fearon brought prominence to the bargaining model in the 1990s. His 1995 article "Rationalist Explanations for War" is the most assigned ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
War-weariness
War-weariness is the public or political disapproval for the continuation of a prolonged conflict or war. The causes normally involve the intensity of casualties—financial, civilian, and military. It also occurs when a belligerent has the ability to leave the conflict easily but continues to stay. War-weariness normally leads to a distrust in government or military leadership and can spark protest and anti-war movements. It can also be fueled when a belligerent is found guilty of war crimes, which can create domestic and international backlash. Rates of enlistment and the morale of the armed forces are often affected by war-weariness. It is relevant for war initiation but less so for war involvement. In ''The Causes of War'', Australian historian Geoffrey Blainey argues, "If war-weariness was one of the spokes in Mr. Neville Chamberlain's umbrella of appeasement, and if it was one of the Anglo-French attitudes which fed Hitler's confidence, it cannot be called a peaceful influ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Germany–United Kingdom Relations
The bilateral relations between Germany and the United Kingdom span hundreds of years, and the countries were allied for hundreds of years in the Late Middle Ages and have been aligned since the end of World War II. During Classical antiquity and the Migration Period, the progenitors of the populations of the United Kingdom and Germany consisted of the same Ingvaeonic and Elbe Germanic peoples. Relations were very strong in the Late Middle Ages when the German cities of the Hanseatic League traded with England and Scotland. Before the Unification of Germany in 1871, Britain was often allied in wartime with German nations, including Prussia. The royal families often intermarried. The House of Hanover (1714–1837) ruled the small Electorate of Hanover, later the Kingdom of Hanover, as well as Britain. Queen Victoria, known as the grandmother of Europe, married Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, and further diplomatic marriages would result in their grandchildren occupying b ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Superpower
Superpower describes a sovereign state or supranational union that holds a dominant position characterized by the ability to Sphere of influence, exert influence and Power projection, project power on a global scale. This is done through the combined means of economic, military, technological, political, and cultural strength as well as International relations, diplomatic and soft power influence. Traditionally, superpowers are preeminent among the great powers. While a great power state is capable of exerting its influence globally, superpowers are states so influential that no significant action can be taken by the global community without first considering the positions of the superpowers on the issue. In 1944, during World War II, the term was first applied to the British Empire, the Soviet Union, and the United States. During the Cold War, the British Empire dissolved, leaving the United States and the Soviet Union to dominate world affairs. At the end of the Cold War and the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Soviet Union
The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR), commonly known as the Soviet Union, was a List of former transcontinental countries#Since 1700, transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 until Dissolution of the Soviet Union, it dissolved in 1991. During its existence, it was the list of countries and dependencies by area, largest country by area, extending across Time in Russia, eleven time zones and sharing Geography of the Soviet Union#Borders and neighbors, borders with twelve countries, and the List of countries and dependencies by population, third-most populous country. An overall successor to the Russian Empire, it was nominally organized as a federal union of Republics of the Soviet Union, national republics, the largest and most populous of which was the Russian SFSR. In practice, Government of the Soviet Union, its government and Economy of the Soviet Union, economy were Soviet-type economic planning, highly centralized. As a one-party state go ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
United States
The United States of America (USA), also known as the United States (U.S.) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It is a federal republic of 50 U.S. state, states and a federal capital district, Washington, D.C. The 48 contiguous states border Canada to the north and Mexico to the south, with the semi-exclave of Alaska in the northwest and the archipelago of Hawaii in the Pacific Ocean. The United States asserts sovereignty over five Territories of the United States, major island territories and United States Minor Outlying Islands, various uninhabited islands in Oceania and the Caribbean. It is a megadiverse country, with the world's List of countries and dependencies by area, third-largest land area and List of countries and dependencies by population, third-largest population, exceeding 340 million. Its three Metropolitan statistical areas by population, largest metropolitan areas are New York metropolitan area, New York, Greater Los Angeles, Los Angel ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
