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Portuguese Orthographic Reform Of 1911
The Orthographic Reform of 1911 was an initiative to standardize and simplify the writing of the Portuguese language in Portugal in 1911. Having the force of law in Portugal and having been made due to the establishment of the republic in an attempt to distance the monarchy from the people, this reform completely changed the appearance of the written language and indirectly led to all subsequent orthographic reforms/agreements. History Until the beginning of the 20th century, Portuguese followed an orthography which, as a rule, was based on the etymology from Latin or classical Greek, and some examples of words that changed are: *''phosphoro'' -> fósforo *''orthographia'' -> ortografia *''phleugma'' -> fleuma *''exhausto'' -> exausto *''estylo'' -> estilo *''prompto'' -> pronto *''diphthongo'' -> ditongo *''psalmo'' -> salmo Over the years, various language scholars presented successive proposals to simplify writing, without much success. Among these proposals were the Bas ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Portuguese Orthography
Portuguese orthography is based on the Latin alphabet and makes use of the acute accent, the circumflex accent, the grave accent, the tilde, and the cedilla to denote stress, vowel height, nasalization, and other sound changes. The diaeresis (diacritic), diaeresis was abolished by the last Portuguese Language Orthographic Agreement of 1990, Orthography Agreement. Accented letters and digraphs are not counted as separate characters for collation purposes. The spelling of Portuguese language, Portuguese is largely phonemic orthography, phonemic, but some phonemes can be spelled in more than one way. In ambiguous cases, the correct spelling is determined through a combination of etymology with morphology (linguistics), morphology and tradition; so there is not a perfect one-to-one correspondence between sounds and letters or digraphs. Knowing the main inflectional paradigms of Portuguese and being acquainted with the orthography of other Western European languages can be helpful. A ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Teaching
Teaching is the practice implemented by a ''teacher'' aimed at transmitting skills (knowledge, know-how, and interpersonal skills) to a learner, a student, or any other audience in the of an educational institution. Teaching is closely related to ''learning'', the student's activity of appropriating this knowledge. Teaching is part of the broader concept of ''education''. Profession Training Teaching in non-human animals Teaching has been considered uniquely human because of mentalistic definitions. Indeed, in psychology, teaching is defined by the intention of the teacher, which is to transmit information and/or behavior and/or skill. This implies the need for the teacher to assess the knowledge state of the potential learner, thus to demonstrate theory of mind abilities. As theory of mind and intentions are difficult (if not impossible) to assess in non-humans, teaching was considered uniquely human. However, if teaching is defined by its function, it is then possible ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Portuguese Language Orthographic Agreement Of 1990
The Portuguese-Language Orthographic Agreement of 1990 () is an international treaty whose purpose is to create a unified orthography for the Portuguese language, to be used by all the countries that have Portuguese as their official language. It was signed in Lisbon, on 16 December 1990, at the end of a negotiation, begun in 1980, between the Sciences Academy of Lisbon and the Brazilian Academy of Letters. The signatories included official representatives from all of the Portuguese-language countries except East Timor, which was under Indonesian occupation at the time, but later adhered to the Agreement, in 2004. Galicia was invited to take part in the reform but the Spanish government ignored the invitation, since it officially regards Galician and Portuguese as different languages. However, an unofficial commission formed by Galician linguists who support the unity of the language attended the meetings as observers. As of 2023, the agreement has been ratified and impl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Reforms Of Portuguese Orthography
The Portuguese language began to be used regularly in documents and poetry around the 12th century. Unlike neighboring Romance languages that adopted formal orthographies by the 18th century, the Portuguese language did not have a uniform spelling standard until the 20th century. The formation of the Portuguese Republic in 1911 was motivation for the establishment of orthographic reform in Portugal and its overseas territories and colonies. Brazil would adopt an orthographic standard based on, but not identical to, the Portuguese standard a few decades later. Further minor spelling reforms were approved in lusophone countries over the rest of the 20th century. In 1990, a further agreement was reached between the various countries, with Portugal, Brazil, and Cape Verde adopting the new standard gradually by the beginning of 2016. Pre-modern Portuguese orthography The Portuguese language began to be used regularly in documents and poetry around the 12th century. In 1290, King ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Livro Do Desassossego
''The Book of Disquiet'' () is a work by the Portuguese author Fernando Pessoa (1888–1935). Published posthumously, ''The Book of Disquiet'' is a fragmentary lifetime project, left unedited by the author, who introduced it as a "factless autobiography". The publication was credited to Bernardo Soares, one of the author's alternate writing names, which he called a semi-heteronym, and had a preface attributed to Fernando Pessoa, another alternate writing name or orthonym. Editions Much studied by "Pessoan" critics, who have different interpretations regarding the book's proper organization, ''The Book of Disquiet'' was first published in Portuguese in 1982, 47 years after Pessoa's death (the author died at age 47 in 1935). The book has seen publication in Spanish (1984), German (1985), Italian (1986), French (1988), English (1991), and Dutch (1990 (selection), and 1998 (full)). The ''Book'' in 1991 had four English editions by different translators: Richard Zenith (editor an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fernando Pessoa
Fernando António Nogueira de Seabra Pessoa (; ; 13 June 1888 – 30 November 1935) was a Portuguese poet, writer, literary critic, translator, and publisher. He has been described as one of the most significant literary figures of the 20th century and one of the greatest poets in the Portuguese language. He also wrote in and translated from English and French. Pessoa was a prolific writer both in his own name and approximately seventy-five other names, of which three stand out: Alberto Caeiro, Álvaro de Campos, and Ricardo Reis. He did not define these as ''pseudonyms'' because he felt that this did not capture their true independent intellectual life and instead called them ''heteronyms'', a term he invented. These imaginary figures sometimes held unpopular or extreme views. Early life Pessoa was born in Lisbon on 13 June 1888. When Pessoa was five, his father, Joaquim de Seabra Pessôa, died of tuberculosis, and less than seven months later his younger brother Jo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
A Águia
A, or a, is the first letter and the first vowel letter of the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, and others worldwide. Its name in English is '' a'' (pronounced ), plural ''aes''. It is similar in shape to the Ancient Greek letter alpha, from which it derives. The uppercase version consists of the two slanting sides of a triangle, crossed in the middle by a horizontal bar. The lowercase version is often written in one of two forms: the double-storey and single-storey . The latter is commonly used in handwriting and fonts based on it, especially fonts intended to be read by children, and is also found in italic type. In English, '' a'' is the indefinite article, with the alternative form ''an''. Name In English, the name of the letter is the ''long A'' sound, pronounced . Its name in most other languages matches the letter's pronunciation in open syllables. History The earliest known ancestor of A is ''aleph''—the first letter of the Phoenician ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Teixeira De Pascoaes
Joaquim Pereira Teixeira de Vasconcelos (2 November 1877, Amarante Municipality, Portugal - 14 December 1952, Gatão, Portugal), better known by his pen name Teixeira de Pascoaes, was a Portuguese poet. He was nominated five times for the Nobel Prize in Literature. Life Teixeira de Pascoaes was the second son (of seven) of João Pereira Teixeira de Vasconcelos, a judge and deputy to the Courts, and of Carlota Guedes Monteiro. He was a solitary, introverted and sensitive child, very prone to the contemplation of Nature. In 1883, he began his primary studies in Amarante, and in 1887, he entered the Lyceum. In 1895, he moved to Coimbra, where he completed his secondary studies; in Amarante he was not a good student, even failing in Portuguese; and in 1896, he enrolled in the Law course of the Faculty of Law of the University of Coimbra. Unlike most of his comrades, he was not part of the Bohemian Coimbra, spending his time, monastically, in the bedroom, reading, writing and ref ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Etymology
Etymology ( ) is the study of the origin and evolution of words—including their constituent units of sound and meaning—across time. In the 21st century a subfield within linguistics, etymology has become a more rigorously scientific study. Most directly tied to historical linguistics, philology, and semiotics, it additionally draws upon comparative semantics, morphology, pragmatics, and phonetics in order to attempt a comprehensive and chronological catalogue of all meanings and changes that a word (and its related parts) carries throughout its history. The origin of any particular word is also known as its ''etymology''. For languages with a long written history, etymologists make use of texts, particularly texts about the language itself, to gather knowledge about how words were used during earlier periods, how they developed in meaning and form, or when and how they entered the language. Etymologists also apply the methods of comparative linguistics to reconstruct in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Proparoxytone
In linguistics, a proparoxytone (, ) is a word with stress on the antepenultimate (third to last) syllable, such as the English language, English words "cinema" and "operational". Related concepts are paroxytone (stress on the penultimate syllable) and oxytone (stress on the last syllable). In English, most nouns of three or more syllables are proparoxytones, except in words ending in ''–tion'' or ''–sion'', which tend to be paroxytones (''operation'', ''equivocation''). This tendency is so strong in English that it frequently leads to the stress on derived words being on a different part of the root. For example, the root photograph gives rise to the nouns photography and photographer, ''family'' → ''familiar'' and ''familial''. (In many dialects of English, the ''i'' in ''family'' is even Schwa#American English, deleted entirely, and still has the stress in ''familial'' and ''familiar.'') In medieval Latin lyric poetry, a ''proparoxytonic'' line or half-line is one where th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Grapheme
In linguistics, a grapheme is the smallest functional unit of a writing system. The word ''grapheme'' is derived from Ancient Greek ('write'), and the suffix ''-eme'' by analogy with ''phoneme'' and other emic units. The study of graphemes is called '' graphemics''. The concept of graphemes is abstract and similar to the notion in computing of a character. (A specific geometric shape that represents any particular grapheme in a given typeface is called a glyph.) Conceptualization There are two main opposing grapheme concepts. In the so-called ''referential conception'', graphemes are interpreted as the smallest units of writing that correspond with sounds (more accurately phonemes). In this concept, the ''sh'' in the written English word ''shake'' would be a grapheme because it represents the phoneme /ʃ/. This referential concept is linked to the ''dependency hypothesis'' that claims that writing merely depicts speech. By contrast, the ''analogical concept'' defines gr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Portuguese Orthographic Reform Of 1931
Portuguese may refer to: * anything of, from, or related to the country and nation of Portugal ** Portuguese cuisine, traditional foods ** Portuguese language, a Romance language *** Portuguese dialects, variants of the Portuguese language ** Portuguese man o' war, a dangerous marine animal ** Portuguese people, an ethnic group See also * * ''Sonnets from the Portuguese'' * "A Portuguesa", the national anthem of Portugal * Lusofonia * Lusitania Lusitania (; ) was an ancient Iberian Roman province encompassing most of modern-day Portugal (south of the Douro River) and a large portion of western Spain (the present Extremadura and Province of Salamanca). Romans named the region after th ... * {{disambiguation Language and nationality disambiguation pages ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
