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Polish Army Oaths
The following is a list of the Poland, Polish military oaths, both historical and contemporary. Contemporary This oath is in current use in the Polish Armed Forces. Historical 1788 Oath In 1788, the State Defence Commission of the Commonwealth of Poland and Lithuania issued this following military oath to all military personnel of the Commonwealth armed services. This is the oath spoken in Polish. Polish text : English Text :''I N.N. swear to the Lord Almighty One in the Holy Trinity, to the Most Serene Stanisław Augustus, the King of Poland and the Grand Duke of Lithuania, and the Confederate States of the Commonwealth under the Act of the Seventh October One Thousand Seven Hundred and Eighty-Eight in Warsaw under the gowns of Honourable Stanisław Małachowski Crown Marshal, and Honourable Kazimierz, Prince Sapiecha, Lithuanian Marshal, both bounded by the Confederacy, that I will be loyal and to the Military Commission of the Both Nations obedient: so help me God!'' K ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Poland
Poland, officially the Republic of Poland, is a country in Central Europe. It extends from the Baltic Sea in the north to the Sudetes and Carpathian Mountains in the south, bordered by Lithuania and Russia to the northeast, Belarus and Ukraine to the east, Slovakia and the Czech Republic to the south, and Germany to the west. The territory has a varied landscape, diverse ecosystems, and a temperate climate. Poland is composed of Voivodeships of Poland, sixteen voivodeships and is the fifth most populous member state of the European Union (EU), with over 38 million people, and the List of European countries by area, fifth largest EU country by area, covering . The capital and List of cities and towns in Poland, largest city is Warsaw; other major cities include Kraków, Wrocław, Łódź, Poznań, and Gdańsk. Prehistory and protohistory of Poland, Prehistoric human activity on Polish soil dates to the Lower Paleolithic, with continuous settlement since the end of the Last Gla ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
France
France, officially the French Republic, is a country located primarily in Western Europe. Overseas France, Its overseas regions and territories include French Guiana in South America, Saint Pierre and Miquelon in the Atlantic Ocean#North Atlantic, North Atlantic, the French West Indies, and List of islands of France, many islands in Oceania and the Indian Ocean, giving it Exclusive economic zone of France, one of the largest discontiguous exclusive economic zones in the world. Metropolitan France shares borders with Belgium and Luxembourg to the north; Germany to the northeast; Switzerland to the east; Italy and Monaco to the southeast; Andorra and Spain to the south; and a maritime border with the United Kingdom to the northwest. Its metropolitan area extends from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean and from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea. Its Regions of France, eighteen integral regions—five of which are overseas—span a combined area of and hav ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
History Of Poland (1989–present)
From 1989 through 1991, Poland engaged in a Democratization, democratic transition which put an end to the Polish People's Republic and led to the foundation of a democratic government, known as the Third Polish Republic (Polish language, Polish: ''III Rzeczpospolita Polska''), following the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, First and Second Polish Republic. After ten years of democratic consolidation, Poland joined NATO in 1999 and the European Union on 1 May 2004. Background Tension grew between the people of Poland and its communist government, as with the rest of the Eastern bloc as the influence of the Soviet Union faded. With the advent of ''perestroika'' in the Soviet Union under Mikhail Gorbachev, the opportunity arose to change the system of government, after the harsh period of Martial law in Poland, martial law (1981-83) imposed by general Wojciech Jaruzelski. Round Table Agreement and democratic transition The government's inability to forestall Poland's economic dec ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Second World War
World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War II, Allies and the Axis powers. World War II by country, Nearly all of the world's countries participated, with many nations mobilising all resources in pursuit of total war. Tanks in World War II, Tanks and Air warfare of World War II, aircraft played major roles, enabling the strategic bombing of cities and delivery of the Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, first and only nuclear weapons ever used in war. World War II is the List of wars by death toll, deadliest conflict in history, causing World War II casualties, the death of 70 to 85 million people, more than half of whom were civilians. Millions died in genocides, including the Holocaust, and by massacres, starvation, and disease. After the Allied victory, Allied-occupied Germany, Germany, Allied-occupied Austria, Austria, Occupation of Japan, Japan, a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Oka River
The Oka (, ; ) is a river in central Russia, the largest right tributary of the Volga. It flows through the regions of Oryol, Tula, Kaluga, Moscow, Ryazan, Vladimir and Nizhny Novgorod and is navigable over a large part of its total length, as far upstream as the town of Kaluga. Its length is and its catchment area .«Река Ока» Russian State Water Registry The Russian capital sits on one of the Oka's tributaries—the Moskva, from which the capital's name is thought to be derived. Name and history The Oka river was the homeland of the Easter ...[...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sielce
Sielce (Polish pronunciation: ) is a neighborhood in Mokotów district of Warsaw, Poland. Sielce is roughly bounded on the North by Podchorążych Street, the East by Czerniakowska Street, the South by Beethhovena Street, and the West by Sobieskiego Street. Its northwest corner adjoins the Royal Baths Park, also known as Park Łazienkowski, on the southwest side, with two entrances to the park (one from Gagarina Street, and one on Podchorążych). History In 1412, Duke Janusz I gave the dean of the chapter collegiate St. John a portion of land lying in the north of Siedlce (Sielce). It became the property of the church and survived until confiscation by the Prussian government during the Third Partition of Poland in 1795. A small-sized village (5 fiefs in 1528) together with Czerniakow and Czarnów once constituted a whole. There was a farm and ''Wójtostwo'' (town), in the sixteenth century a clothier lived in Sielcach. In the first half of the nineteenth century, part of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Unconditional Obedience
Corpse-like obedience (, also translated as corpse obedience, cadaver obedience, cadaver-like obedience, zombie-like obedience, slavish obedience, unquestioning obedience, absolute obedience or blind obedience) refers to an obedience in which the obeying person submits unreservedly to another's will, like a mindless, animated cadaver. Jesuit origin The term originated with the Jesuit work by Ignatius of Loyola from 1553, the Letter on Obedience. It has also been dated to 1558. That text said, in Latin: "" which can be translated as "We should be aware that each of those who live in obedience must allow himself to be led and guided by Divine Providence through the Superior, as if he were a dead body". The concept, described in the Jesuit context as "fabled and misunderstood", has since been criticised by detractors of the Jesuit order as blind obedience. Jesuit supporters, in turn, refer to it as the "perfect obedience". Modern use The term is often associated with Germany (where i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Armia Krajowa
The Home Army (, ; abbreviated AK) was the dominant resistance movement in German-occupied Poland during World War II. The Home Army was formed in February 1942 from the earlier Związek Walki Zbrojnej (Armed Resistance) established in the aftermath of the German and Soviet invasions in September 1939. Over the next two years, the Home Army absorbed most of the other Polish partisans and underground forces. Its allegiance was to the Polish government-in-exile in London, and it constituted the armed wing of what came to be known as the Polish Underground State. Estimates of the Home Army's 1944 strength range between 200,000 and 600,000. The latter number made the Home Army not only Poland's largest underground resistance movement but, along with Soviet and Yugoslav partisans, one of Europe's largest World War II underground movements. The Home Army sabotaged German transports bound for the Eastern Front in the Soviet Union, destroying German supplies and tying down subs ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dziennik Ustaw
''Dziennik Ustaw'' () or ''Dziennik Ustaw Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej'' (, abbreviated Dz. U.) is the most important Polish publication of legal acts. It is the only official source of law for promulgation of Polish laws. The publication of this journal is solely the responsibility of the Prime Minister of the Republic of Poland. 'Dziennik Ustaw' traces its history to the 1918 'Dziennik Praw Królestwa Polskiego' () and has changed its name several times during its existence. According to Article 122 of the Constitution of Poland of 1997, ''The President of the Republic shall sign a bill within 21 days of its submission and shall order its promulgation in the Journal of Laws of the Republic of Poland (Dziennik Ustaw) The matter is further regulated by articles 87 and 234 of the constitution, as well as by the Article 9 of the ''Act on Publishing Normative Acts and Several Other Legal Acts'' of 2000. The Dziennik Ustaw is to include such documents as: *Constitution *Acts of the Se ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Poznań
Poznań ( ) is a city on the Warta, River Warta in west Poland, within the Greater Poland region. The city is an important cultural and business center and one of Poland's most populous regions with many regional customs such as Saint John's Fair, Poznań, Saint John's Fair (''Jarmark Świętojański''), traditional St. Martin's croissant, Saint Martin's croissants and a local dialect. Among its most important heritage sites are the Renaissance in Poland, Renaissance Old Town, Poznań Town Hall, Town Hall and Poznań Cathedral. Poznań is the fifth-largest List of cities and towns in Poland#Cities, city in Poland. As of 2023, the city's population is 540,146, while the Poznań metropolitan area (''Metropolia Poznań'') comprising Poznań County and several other communities is inhabited by over 1.029 million people. It is one of four historical capitals of medieval Poland and the ancient capital of the Greater Poland region, currently the administrative capital of the pr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Greater Poland
Greater Poland, often known by its Polish name Wielkopolska (; ), is a Polish Polish historical regions, historical region of west-central Poland. Its chief and largest city is Poznań followed by Kalisz, the oldest city in Poland. The boundaries of Greater Poland have varied somewhat throughout history. Since the Late Middle Ages, Wielkopolska proper has been split into the Poznań Voivodeship (14th century to 1793), Poznań and Kalisz Voivodeship (1314–1793), Kalisz Administrative division of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, voivodeships. In the wider sense, it also encompassed Sieradz Voivodeship (1339–1793), Sieradz, Łęczyca Voivodeship, Łęczyca, Brześć Kujawski Voivodeship, Brześć Kujawski and Inowrocław Voivodeship, Inowrocław voivodeships (the last two known as Kuyavian) which were situated further east, and the Santok, Santok Land, located to the northwest. The region in the proper sense roughly coincides with the present-day Greater Poland Voivodesh ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
