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Platythecium Grammitis
''Platythecium'' is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Graphidaceae. It comprises 25 species. Described in 2002 by the German lichenologist Bettina Staiger, these bark-dwelling lichens are found in humid, shaded forests across tropical and warm temperate regions worldwide. They are characterized by their flattened, plate-like fruiting structures with completely blackened walls and are sensitive to forest disturbance, making their presence an indicator of long-established woodland conditions. Taxonomy The genus was circumscribed in 2002 by the German lichenologist Bettina Staiger in her 2002 monographic treatment of the family Graphidaceae. '' Platythecium grammitis'' was assigned as the type species. Description ''Platythecium'' produces a smooth, pale grey-green to yellow-olive crust (thallus) that embeds directly in the bark and lacks a true . Its fruit bodies are short to elongate whose slate-black walls are completely ; the narrow slit is usually covered at ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hymenium
The hymenium is the tissue layer on the hymenophore of a fungal fruiting body where the cells develop into basidia or asci, which produce spores. In some species all of the cells of the hymenium develop into basidia or asci, while in others some cells develop into sterile cells called cystidia ( basidiomycetes) or paraphyses ( ascomycetes). Cystidia are often important for microscopic identification. The subhymenium consists of the supportive hyphae from which the cells of the hymenium grow, beneath which is the hymenophoral trama, the hyphae that make up the mass of the hymenophore. The position of the hymenium is traditionally the first characteristic used in the classification and identification of mushrooms. Below are some examples of the diverse types which exist among the macroscopic Basidiomycota and Ascomycota. * In agarics, the hymenium is on the vertical faces of the gills. * In boletes and polypores, it is in a spongy mass of downward-pointing tubes ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pantropical
A pantropical ("all tropics") distribution is one which covers tropical regions of both the Eastern and Western hemispheres. Examples of species include caecilians, modern sirenians and the plant genera ''Acacia'' and ''Bacopa''. ''Neotropical'' is a zoogeographic term that covers a large part of the Americas, roughly from Mexico and the Caribbean southwards (including cold regions in southernmost South America). '' Palaeotropical'' refers to geographical occurrence. For a distribution to be palaeotropical a taxon must occur in tropical regions in the Old World. According to Takhtajan (1978), the following families have a pantropical distribution: Annonaceae, Hernandiaceae, Lauraceae, Piperaceae, Urticaceae, Dilleniaceae, Tetrameristaceae, Passifloraceae, Bombacaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Rhizophoraceae, Myrtaceae, Anacardiaceae, Sapindaceae, Malpighiaceae, Proteaceae, Bignoniaceae, Orchidaceae and Arecaceae.Takhtajan, A. (1986). ''Floristic Regions of the World''. (trans ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kalbographa
''Kalbographa'' is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Graphidaceae. These lichens form thin, grey-white to pale yellow-olive crusts on tree bark and are distinguished by their striking bright orange to brick-red fruiting bodies that create sharp black slits against the surface. The genus has a pantropical distribution, growing on shaded tree trunks and large branches of mature trees in humid forests, where their brightly pigmented are believed to provide protection from sunlight and their presence serves as an indicator of intact, closed-canopy forest. Taxonomy The genus was circumscribed in 2007 by the lichenologist Robert Lücking with '' Kalbographa caracasana'' assigned as the type species. The genus name honours the German lichenologist Klaus Kalb. Description ''Kalbographa'' forms a thin, grey-white to pale yellow-olive crust (thallus) that embeds directly in the bark and lacks a protective . Its fruit bodies are short to elongate whose walls are wholl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Platygramme
''Platygramme'' is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Graphidaceae consisting of about 30 species. The genus was circumscribed by Antoine Laurent Apollinaire Fée in 1874. Several features characterise the genus ''Platygramme'': the brown ascospores, an hymenium, and fruiting bodies in which some of the tips of the are and form lamellae (plates). Species , Species Fungorum (as listed in the Catalogue of Life The Catalogue of Life (CoL) is an online database that provides an index of known species of animals, plants, fungi, and microorganisms. It was created in 2001 as a partnership between the global Species 2000 and the American Integrated Taxono ...) accepts 27 species of ''Platygramme''. * '' Platygramme arechavaletae'' * '' Platygramme australiensis'' * '' Platygramme coccinea'' * '' Platygramme colubrosa'' * '' Platygramme commutabilis'' * '' Platygramme computata'' * '' Platygramme discurrens'' * '' Platygramme elaeoplaca'' * '' Platygramme el ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hemithecium
''Hemithecium'' is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Graphidaceae. The genus was circumscribed by Vittore Benedetto Antonio Trevisan de Saint-Léon in 1853. Species , Species Fungorum (in the Catalogue of Life The Catalogue of Life (CoL) is an online database that provides an index of known species of animals, plants, fungi, and microorganisms. It was created in 2001 as a partnership between the global Species 2000 and the American Integrated Taxono ...) accepts 22 species of ''Hemithecium''. *'' Hemithecium alboglaucum'' *'' Hemithecium amboliense'' *'' Hemithecium andamanicum'' *'' Hemithecium argopholis'' *'' Hemithecium canlaonense'' *'' Hemithecium duomurisporum'' *'' Hemithecium endofuscum'' *'' Hemithecium flavoalbum'' *'' Hemithecium flexile'' *'' Hemithecium fulvescens'' *'' Hemithecium himalayanum'' *'' Hemithecium kodayarense'' *'' Hemithecium lamii'' *'' Hemithecium nagalandicum'' *'' Hemithecium nakanishianum'' *'' Hemithecium oshio ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Glyphis (lichen)
''Glyphis'' is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Graphidaceae. These lichens form pale grey-green to buff crusts on tree bark and are characterized by elongate, often branched fruiting bodies that appear as black script-like slits against the surface due to their deeply darkened margins and walls. The genus has a pantropical to warm-temperate distribution, growing on the shaded trunks and large branches of mature trees in forests from the Amazon rainforest to Asian evergreen forests, where their durable black markings serve as indicators of long-standing tree substrates. Taxonomy The genus was circumscribed by the Swedish lichenologist Erik Acharius in 1814. In his original description, Acharius characterized ''Glyphis'' by its crustaceous- receptacle that was flat-expanded and uniform, with a partial structure that was wart-like and formed from the lichen's own substance with proper colouration. He described the apothecia (fruiting bodies) as somewhat cartilag ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Script Lichen
A script lichen, or graphid lichen, is a member of a group of lichens which have spore producing structures that look like writing on the lichen body. The structures are elongated and narrow apothecia called lirellae, which look like short scribbles on the thallus. "Graphid" is derived from Greek Greek may refer to: Anything of, from, or related to Greece, a country in Southern Europe: *Greeks, an ethnic group *Greek language, a branch of the Indo-European language family **Proto-Greek language, the assumed last common ancestor of all kno ... for "writing". An example is '' Graphis mucronata''. References Lichenology Fungus common names {{lichen-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Anthraquinone
Anthraquinone, also called anthracenedione or dioxoanthracene, is an aromatic hydrocarbon, aromatic organic compound with formula . Several isomers exist but these terms usually refer to 9,10-anthraquinone (IUPAC: 9,10-dioxoanthracene) wherein the ketone, keto groups are located on the central ring. It is used as a digester additive to Pulp (paper), wood pulp for papermaking. Many Anthraquinones, anthraquinone derivatives are generated by organisms or synthesised industrially for use as Anthraquinone dyes, dyes, pharmaceuticals, and Catalysis, catalysts. Anthraquinone is a yellow, highly crystalline solid, poorly solubility, soluble in water but soluble in hot organic solvents. It is almost completely insoluble in ethanol near room temperature but 2.25 g will dissolve in 100 g of boiling ethanol. It is found in nature as the rare mineral hoelite. Synthesis There are several current industrial methods to produce 9,10-anthraquinone: # The oxidation of anthracene. Chromium(VI) is the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Depsidone
Depsidones (+ " depside" + "one") are chemical compounds that are sometimes found as secondary metabolites in lichens. They are esters that are both depsides and cyclic ethers. An example is norstictic acid Norstictic acid is a depsidone produced as a secondary metabolites in lichens. The compound contains both an aldehyde carbonyl group and an adjacent hydroxyl In chemistry, a hydroxy or hydroxyl group is a functional group with the chemical fo .... References {{reflist Biochemistry Carboxylate esters ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Stictic Acid
Stictic acid is an aromatic organic compound, a product of secondary metabolism in some species of lichens. Stictic acid is the subject of preliminary biomedical research. Stictic acid has cytotoxic and apoptotic effects ''in vitro ''In vitro'' (meaning ''in glass'', or ''in the glass'') Research, studies are performed with Cell (biology), cells or biological molecules outside their normal biological context. Colloquially called "test-tube experiments", these studies in ...''. Computational studies suggest stictic acid may also stimulate p53 reactivation. References Phenolic acids Phenol ethers Oxygen heterocycles Lactones Lichen products Aromatic aldehydes Diols {{aromatic-compound-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Septum
In biology, a septum (Latin language, Latin for ''something that encloses''; septa) is a wall, dividing a Body cavity, cavity or structure into smaller ones. A cavity or structure divided in this way may be referred to as septate. Examples Human anatomy * Interatrial septum, the wall of tissue that is a sectional part of the left and right atria of the heart * Interventricular septum, the wall separating the left and right ventricles of the heart * Lingual septum, a vertical layer of fibrous tissue that separates the halves of the tongue *Nasal septum: the cartilage wall separating the nostrils of the nose * Alveolar septum: the thin wall which separates the Pulmonary alveolus, alveoli from each other in the lungs * Orbital septum, a palpebral ligament in the upper and lower eyelids * Septum pellucidum or septum lucidum, a thin structure separating two fluid pockets in the brain * Uterine septum, a malformation of the uterus * Septum of the penis, Penile septum, a fibrous w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
