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Platismatia Norvegica
''Platismatia'' is genus of medium to large foliose lichens in the family Parmeliaceae. The genus is widespread and contains 11 species. They resemble many other genera of foliose lichens in the Parmeliaceae, particularly ''Parmotrema'', ''Cetrelia'', and ''Asahinea''. Most species are found in forests on the trunks and branches of conifer trees, although some species grow on rocks.Brodo, I. M., S. D. Sharnoff, and S. Sharnoff. 2001. Lichens of North America. Yale University Press: New Haven. Species of ''Platismatia'' can be used to produce an orange-brown, yellow-brown, or brown dye,Brough, S. G. 1984. Dye characteristics of British Columbia forest lichens. Syesis 17: 81-94. and at least one species was traditionally used to dye wool in Europe.Johannes Cornelius Theodorus Uphof, Uphof, J. C. T. 1959. Dictionary of Economic Plants. Hafner Publishing Co.: New York. Taxonomy The genus ''Platismatia'' was historically classified within ''Cetraria'' by Erik Acharius in the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nothofagus
''Nothofagus'', also known as the southern beeches, is a genus of 43 species of trees and shrubs native to the Southern Hemisphere, found across southern South America (Chile, Argentina) and east and southeast Australia, New Zealand, New Guinea, and New Caledonia. The species are ecological dominants in many temperate forests in these regions. Some species are reportedly naturalised in Germany and Great Britain. The genus has a rich fossil record of leaves, Calybium and cupule, cupules, and pollen, with fossils extending into the late Cretaceous period and occurring in Australia, New Zealand, Antarctica, and South America. Description The leaf, leaves are toothed or entire, evergreen or deciduous. The fruit is a small, flattened or triangular nut (fruit), nut, borne in cupules containing one to seven nuts. Reproduction Many individual trees are extremely old, and at one time, some populations were thought to be unable to reproduce in present-day conditions where they were gro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Internal Transcribed Spacer
Internal transcribed spacer (ITS) is the spacer DNA situated between the small-subunit ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and large-subunit rRNA genes in the chromosome or the corresponding transcribed region in the polycistronic rRNA precursor transcript. Across life domains In bacteria and archaea, there is a single ITS, located between the 16S and 23S rRNA genes. Conversely, there are two ITSs in eukaryotes: ITS1 is located between 18S and 5.8S rRNA genes, while ITS2 is between 5.8S and 28S (in opisthokonts, or 25S in plants) rRNA genes. ITS1 corresponds to the ITS in bacteria and archaea, while ITS2 originated as an insertion that interrupted the ancestral 23S rRNA gene. Organization In bacteria and archaea, the ITS occurs in one to several copies, as do the flanking 16S and 23S genes. When there are multiple copies, these do not occur adjacent to one another. Rather, they occur in discrete locations in the circular chromosome. It is not uncommon in bacteria to carry tRNA ge ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Platismatia Norvegica
''Platismatia'' is genus of medium to large foliose lichens in the family Parmeliaceae. The genus is widespread and contains 11 species. They resemble many other genera of foliose lichens in the Parmeliaceae, particularly ''Parmotrema'', ''Cetrelia'', and ''Asahinea''. Most species are found in forests on the trunks and branches of conifer trees, although some species grow on rocks.Brodo, I. M., S. D. Sharnoff, and S. Sharnoff. 2001. Lichens of North America. Yale University Press: New Haven. Species of ''Platismatia'' can be used to produce an orange-brown, yellow-brown, or brown dye,Brough, S. G. 1984. Dye characteristics of British Columbia forest lichens. Syesis 17: 81-94. and at least one species was traditionally used to dye wool in Europe.Johannes Cornelius Theodorus Uphof, Uphof, J. C. T. 1959. Dictionary of Economic Plants. Hafner Publishing Co.: New York. Taxonomy The genus ''Platismatia'' was historically classified within ''Cetraria'' by Erik Acharius in the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Platismatia Lacunosa
''Platismatia lacunosa'' is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. Known predominantly from western North America, it reproduces primarily through sexual means, which is uncommon in the genus. The species is distinguished by its ridged surface and large, folded apothecia (fruiting bodies). Taxonomy ''Platismatia lacunosa'' was first formally described in 1803 by Erik Acharius as a member of the genus '' Cetraria''. William and Chicita Culberson transferred it to the genus ''Platismatia'' in 1968. Phylogenetic analysis has shown ''P. lacunosa'' to be a distinct, monophyletic species within ''Platismatia''. Ancestral state reconstruction suggests that ''P. lacunosa'', a sexually reproducing species, likely evolved from an asexual ancestor. Description The upper thallus surface of ''P. lacunosa'' is greenish gray, gray to almost white, with margins that may become blackened. It is characterized by strong reticulations ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Platismatia Interrupta
''Platismatia interrupta'' is a species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. Found in southern Russian Far East, and Japan, it was formally described as a new species in 1968 by William and Chicita Culberson. The species epithet ''interrupta'' refers to the indistinct and discontinuous reticulation of the upper thallus surface. The lichen of one of the most common foliose macrolichens in Japan, particularly at high elevations, where it grows on tree trunks and on boulders. The authors called it the "Far Eastern equivalent" of the common and widespread ''Platismatia glauca ''Platismatia glauca'' is a common and widespread species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. This distinctive lichen forms pale to dull grey patches measuring 1–15 centimetres across, with wavy, irregular ...'', which is absent in Asia. References Parmeliaceae Lichen species Lichens described in 1968 Lichens of Japan Lichens of the Russian Far East ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Platismatia Herrei
''Platismatia herrei'' is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. It was first formally described as a species of '' Cetraria'' in 1968 by lichenologist Henry Imshaug. William and Chicita Culberson transferred it to the genus ''Platismatia'' in 1968. The lichen is found in western North America, ranging from southern Alaska to central California. It is distinguished from other members of its genus by the isidia that fringe the edges of its linear lobes; the Culbersons described it as "one of the most beautiful and intricately formed species in the genus". ''Platismatia herrei'' reproduces primarily asexually through the production of isidia. Its thallus is whitish or pale, often splotched with black, with flat to curled inwards lobes that are narrow and linear. The upper surface is smooth to very minutely pitted or wrinkled. The lower surface is white or pale with discrete and delimited black zones. It has few black rhizines, prese ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Platismatia Formosana
''Platismatia formosana'' is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. Found in the mountains of Taiwan, it was first formally described as a species of '' Cetraria'' in 1933 by Alexander Zahlbruckner. William and Chicita Culberson transferred it to the genus ''Platismatia'' in 1968. The species epithet ''formosana'' refers to its distribution, as "Formosa" is the name formerly used in Western literature to refer to Taiwan. It contains the lichen products atranorin, caperatic acid, and an unidentified yellow pigment A pigment is a powder used to add or alter color or change visual appearance. Pigments are completely or nearly solubility, insoluble and reactivity (chemistry), chemically unreactive in water or another medium; in contrast, dyes are colored sub .... References Parmeliaceae Lichen species Lichens described in 1933 Taxa named by Alexander Zahlbruckner Lichens of Eastern Asia {{Parmeliaceae-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Platismatia Erosa
''Platismatia erosa'' is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. Found in Asia, it was formally described as a new species in 1968 by William and Chicita Culberson. The species epithet ''erosa'' refers to the "eroded" quality of the reticulations on the upper thallus surface. ''Platismatia erosa'' reproduces primarily asexually through the production of isidia, which are small outgrowths on the thallus surface. The lichen's upper thallus is light tan to ashy gray, becoming brown at the lobe margins, and has a broadly reticulately ridged and veined surface with pseudocyphellae (small pores). Its lower surface is black with a light brown marginal zone and is (dotted). The lichen has few black rhizines, which are to and confined to older parts of the thallus. The lichen has been recorded from Japan, Taiwan, Java, Vietnam, Nepal, the Philippines, and Sikkim, and Tibet. Chemical analysis of the lichen (using thin-layer chromatography) r ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Soredia
Soredia are common reproduction, reproductive structures of lichens. Lichens asexual reproduction, reproduce asexually by employing simple fragmentation and production of soredia and isidia. Soredia are powdery propagules composed of fungus, fungal hyphae wrapped around cyanobacteria or green algae. These can be either scattered diffusely across the surface of the lichen's thallus, or produced in localized structures called soralia. Fungal hyphae make up the basic body structure of a lichen. The soredia are released through openings in the upper cortex of the lichen structure. After their release, the soredia disperse to establish the lichen in a new location. References Fungal morphology and anatomy Lichenology {{lichen-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Isidia
An isidium (plural: isidia) is a tiny, wart- or finger-like outgrowth on the thallus surface of certain lichen species. It is one of two principal types of vegetative reproduction, vegetative reproductive structures in lichens, the other being soredium, soredia. Each isidium contains both fungus, fungal and algae, algal partners and is wrapped in a thin protective layer (the ), distinguishing it from soredia, which lack this covering. While both function in vegetative reproduction, the heavier, corticate structure of isidia means they tend to establish in microhabitats close to the parent thallus, often favouring stable, humid niches where mechanical protection improves survival. Unlike spores, which are microscopic and easily carried over long distances by wind, isidia are larger, multicellular fragments that rely on external forces such as wind, rain, or animal contact, but typically disperse over much shorter ranges. Isidia are morphology (biology), morphologically diverse, ra ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Propagule
In biology, a propagule is any material that functions in propagating an organism to the next stage in its life cycle, such as by dispersal. The propagule is usually distinct in form from the parent organism. Propagules are produced by organisms such as plants (in the form of seeds or spores), fungi (in the form of spores), and bacteria (for example endospores or microbial cysts). In disease biology, pathogens are said to generate infectious propagules, the units that transmit a disease. These can refer to bacteria, viruses, fungi, or protists, and can be contained within host material. For instance, for influenza, the infectious propagules are carried in droplets of host saliva or mucus that are expelled during coughing or sneezing. In horticulture, a propagule is any plant material used for the purpose of plant propagation. In asexual reproduction, a propagule is often a stem cutting. In some plants, a leaf section or a portion of root can be used. In sexual reprodu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Conspecific
Biological specificity is the tendency of a characteristic such as a behavior or a biochemical variation to occur in a particular species. Biochemist Linus Pauling stated that "Biological specificity is the set of characteristics of living organisms or constituents of living organisms of being special or doing something special. Each animal or plant species is special. It differs in some way from all other species...biological specificity is the major problem about understanding life." Biological specificity within ''Homo sapiens'' ''Homo sapiens'' has many characteristics that show the biological specificity in the form of behavior and morphological traits. Morphologically, humans have an enlarged cranial capacity and more gracile features in comparison to other hominins. The reduction of dentition is a feature that allows for the advantage of adaptability in diet and survival. As a species, humans are culture dependent and much of human survival relies on the culture and soc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
