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Phytophthora Cambivora
''Phytophthora'' × ''cambivora'' is a plant pathogen that causes ink disease in European chestnut trees ('' Castanea sativa''). Ink disease, also caused by '' Phytophthora cinnamomi'', is thought to have been present in Europe since the 18th century, and causes chestnut trees to wilt and die; major epidemics occurred during the 19th and 20th centuries. ''P. cinnamomi'' and ''P. × cambivora'' are now present throughout Europe since the 1990s. Ink disease has resurged, often causing high mortality of trees, particularly in Portugal, Italy, and France. It has also been isolated from a number of different species since the 1990s, including: *Golden chinquapin trees, ('' Chrysolepis chrysophylla'') in Oregon, United States *'' Rhododendron'' and '' Pieris'' species in North Carolina *Noble fir trees ('' Abies procera'') in Norway *Beech trees ('' Fagus sylvatica'') in Italy and Germany. Some species of mycorrhiza (including ''Amanita muscaria ''Amanita muscaria'', common ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lionello Petri
Lionello is a given name. Notable people with the name include: Given name: *Lionello Bononi, Italian of the Baroque period *Lionello Cecil (1893–1957), Australian operatic tenor *Lionello d'Este (1407–1450), marquis of Ferrara and Duke of Modena and Reggio Emilia from 1441 to 1450 *Lionello Grifo (born 1934), Italian poet and writer *Lionello Levi Sandri (1910–1991), Italian politician and European Commissioner *Lionello Manfredonia (born 1956), Italian former footballer *Lionello Spada (1576–1622), Italian painter of the Baroque period Surname: *Alberto Lionello (1930–1994), Italian film actor *Luca Lionello (born 1964), Italian actor *Oreste Lionello Oreste Lionello (18 April 1927 – 19 February 2009) was an Italian actor and voice actor. Biography Lionello was born in Rhodes (which was then a possession of Italy), to Calabrian parents, and grew up in Reggio Calabria. He began his career as ... (1927–2009), Italian actor and voice dubbing artist {{given name, t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fagus Sylvatica
''Fagus sylvatica'', the European beech or common beech, is a large, graceful deciduous tree in the Fagaceae, beech family with smooth silvery-gray bark, large leaf area, and a short trunk with low branches. Description ''Fagus sylvatica'' is a large tree, capable of reaching heights of up to tall and trunk diameter, though more typically tall and up to trunk diameter. A 10-year-old sapling will stand about tall. Undisturbed, the European beech has a lifespan of 300 years; one tree at the Valle Cervara site was more than 500 years old—the oldest known in the northern hemisphere. In cultivated forest stands trees are normally harvested at 80–120 years of age. 30 years are needed to attain full maturity (as compared to 40 for Fagus grandifolia, American beech). Like most trees, its form depends on the location: in forest areas, ''F. sylvatica'' grows to over , with branches being high up on the trunk. In open locations, it will become much shorter (typically ) and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Water Mould Plant Pathogens And Diseases
Water is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula . It is a transparent, tasteless, odorless, and nearly colorless chemical substance. It is the main constituent of Earth's hydrosphere and the fluids of all known living organisms (in which it acts as a solvent). It is vital for all known forms of life, despite not providing food energy or organic micronutrients. Its chemical formula, , indicates that each of its molecules contains one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms, connected by covalent bonds. The hydrogen atoms are attached to the oxygen atom at an angle of 104.45°. In liquid form, is also called "water" at standard temperature and pressure. Because Earth's environment is relatively close to water's triple point, water exists on Earth as a solid, a liquid, and a gas. It forms precipitation in the form of rain and aerosols in the form of fog. Clouds consist of suspended droplets of water and ice, its solid state. When finely divided, crystalline ice may precipita ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Phytophthora
''Phytophthora'' (from Greek (''phytón''), "plant" and (), "destruction"; "the plant-destroyer") is a genus of plant-damaging oomycetes (water molds), whose member species cause economic losses on crops worldwide, as well as environmental damage in natural ecosystems. The cell wall of ''Phytophthora'' is made up of cellulose. The genus was first described by Heinrich Anton de Bary in 1875. Approximately 210 species have been described, although 100–500 undiscovered ''Phytophthora'' species are estimated to exist. Pathogenicity ''Phytophthora'' spp. are mostly pathogens of dicotyledons, and many are relatively host-specific parasites. '' P. cinnamomi'', though, infects thousands of species ranging from club mosses, ferns, cycads, conifers, grasses, lilies, to members of many dicotyledonous families. Many species of ''Phytophthora'' are plant pathogens of considerable economic importance. '' P. infestans'' was the infective agent of the potato blight that caused the Gr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Wilt Disease
A wilt disease is any number of diseases that affect the vascular system of plants. Attacks by fungi, bacteria, and nematodes can cause rapid killing of plants, large tree branches or even entire trees. Wilt diseases in woody plants tend to fall into two major categories, those that start with the branches and those that start with the roots. Those that start with the branches most often start with pathogens that feed on the leaves or bark, those that start with the roots start with wounding or direct entry by the pathogen into the roots, some are spread from one plant to another by way of root grafts. Pathogens that cause wilting diseases invade the vascular vessels and cause the xylem to fail to transport water to the foliage, thus causing wilting of stems and leaves. Wilt diseases Wilt diseases include: Bacterial wilt of cucurbits Bacterial wilt of Cucurbitaceae, cucurbits is cause by the bacteria ''Erwinia tracheiphila'', it affects cucumber, squash, muskmelon, pumpkin, go ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Forest Pathology
Forest pathology is the research of both biotic and abiotic maladies affecting the health of a forest ecosystem, primarily fungal pathogens and their insect vectors. It is a subfield of forestry and plant pathology. Forest pathology is part of the broader approach of forest protection. Insects, diseases and severe weather events damaged about 40 million ha of forests in 2015, mainly in the temperate and boreal domains. Abiotic factors There are a number of abiotic factors which affect the health of a forest, such as moisture issues like drought, winter-drying, waterlogging resulting from over-abundance or lack of precipitation such as hail, snow, rain. Wind is also an important abiotic factor as windthrow (the uprooting or breaking of trees due to high winds) causes an obvious and direct loss of stability to a forest or its trees. Often, abiotic factors and biotic factors will affect a forest at the same time. For example, if wind speed is 80 km per hour then man ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Phytophthora Katsurae
''Phytophthora katsurae'' (better-known as ''P. castaneae'') is a plant pathogen. It was first isolated from chestnut (''Castanea'') trees in Japan.http://www.extento.hawaii.edu/Kbase/crop/Type/p_katsu.htm ''Phytophthora katsurae''. ''Crop Knowledge Master''. It has also been reported from Taiwan, Papua New Guinea, Australia and Korea.Oh, E., et al.First Report of Chestnut Ink Disease by ''Phytophthora katsurae'' on Chestnut in Korea. ''Plant Disease''. Volume 92, Number 2, Page 312, . February 2008. See also * Chestnut blight * Phytophthora cambivora ''Phytophthora'' × ''cambivora'' is a plant pathogen that causes ink disease in European chestnut trees ('' Castanea sativa''). Ink disease, also caused by '' Phytophthora cinnamomi'', is thought to have been present in Europe since the 18th c ... References External links Index FungorumUSDA ARS Fungal Database katsurae Water mould plant pathogens and diseases Nut tree diseases + {{plant-disease-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chestnut Blight
The pathogenic fungus ''Cryphonectria parasitica'' (formerly ''Endothia parasitica'') is a member of the Ascomycota (sac fungi). This necrotrophic fungus is native to East Asia and South East Asia and was introduced into Europe and North America in the early 1900s. Strains of the fungus spread more or less rapidly and caused significant tree loss in both regions. Strains of the fungus can be more or less virulent. Overview ''Cryphonectria parasitica'' is a parasitic fungus of chestnut trees. This disease came to be known as chestnut blight. Naturally found in South East Asia, accidental introductions led to invasive populations of ''C. parasitica'' in North America and Europe. In the first half of the 20th century, the fungal disease had a devastating economic and social impact on communities in the eastern United States. It killed an estimated four billion trees; or, by another count, 3.5 billion trees through 2013. Less severe impacts have occurred in Europe due to widespread ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hebeloma Radicosum
''Hebeloma radicosum'', commonly known as the rooting poison pie, is a species of agaric fungus in the family Hymenogastraceae. Fruit bodies (mushrooms) can be identified by the tapering root-like stipe base, as well as the almond-like odor. Found in Japan, Europe, and North America, it is an ammonia fungus, and fruits on mole, mouse, or shrew middens. Taxonomy The species was first described scientifically by Jean Baptiste François Pierre Bulliard in 1784 as ''Agaricus radicosus''. Adalbert Ricken transferred it to ''Hebeloma'' in 1915. Historical synonyms have resulted from the transfer of the fungus to the genera ''Pholiota'' by Paul Kummer in 1871, ''Dryophila'' by Lucien Quélet in 1886, ''Myxocybe'' by Victor Fayod in 1889, and ''Roumeguerites'' by Marcel Locquin in 1979. Molecular analysis places the species in a basal position of the ''Myxocybe'' clade. This grouping of phylogenetically related species contains members that form a pseudorrhiza, such as '' H. da ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Suillellus Luridus
''Suillellus luridus'' (formerly ''Boletus luridus''), commonly known as the lurid bolete, is a fungus of the family Boletaceae, found in calcareous broadleaved woodlands in Europe. Fruit bodies appear in summer and autumn and may be locally abundant. It is a firm bolete with an olive-brown cap up to in diameter, with small orange or red pores on the underside (yellow when young). The stout ochre stem reaches high and wide, and is patterned with a red network. Like several other red-pored boletes, it stains blue when bruised or cut. While edible and good when cooked, it can cause gastric upset when eaten raw and can be confused with the poisonous '' Boletus satanas''; as a result, some guidebooks recommend avoiding consumption altogether. When consumed with alcohol, ''Suillellus luridus'' has been implicated in causing adverse reactions similar to those caused by the compound coprine, though laboratory testing has not revealed any evidence of coprine in the mushroom. First ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Amanita Muscaria
''Amanita muscaria'', commonly known as the fly agaric or fly amanita, is a basidiomycete fungus of the genus ''Amanita''. It is a large white-lamella (mycology), gilled, white-spotted mushroom typically featuring a bright red cap covered with distinctive white warts. It is one of the most recognizable fungi in the world. ''A.muscaria'' exhibits complex genetic diversity that suggests it is a species complex rather than a single species. It is a widely distributed mushroom native to temperate and boreal forests of the Northern Hemisphere, now also naturalized in the Southern Hemisphere, forming symbiotic relationships with various trees and spreading invasively in some regions. Its name derives from its traditional use as an insecticide. It can cause poisoning, especially in children and those seeking its hallucinogenic effects, due to psychoactive compounds like muscimol and the ibotenic acid; however, fatal poisonings are extremely rare. Boiling it reduces toxicity by removi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mycorrhiza
A mycorrhiza (; , mycorrhiza, or mycorrhizas) is a symbiotic association between a fungus and a plant. The term mycorrhiza refers to the role of the fungus in the plant's rhizosphere, the plant root system and its surroundings. Mycorrhizae play important roles in plant nutrition, soil biology, and soil chemistry. In a mycorrhizal association, the fungus colonizes the host plant's root tissues, either intracellularly as in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, or extracellularly as in ectomycorrhizal fungi. The association is normally mutualistic. In particular species, or in particular circumstances, mycorrhizae may have a parasitic association with host plants. Definition A mycorrhiza is a symbiotic association between a green plant and a fungus. The plant makes organic molecules by photosynthesis and supplies them to the fungus in the form of sugars or lipids, while the fungus supplies the plant with water and mineral nutrients, such as phosphorus, taken from the soil. Myco ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
